Advanced Emission and Fuel Economy Concept Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines

Allgeier, Thorsten; Klenk, Martin; Landenfeld, Tilo; Conte, Enrico; Boulouchos, Konstantinos; Czerwiński, Jan

doi:10.4271/2004-01-1270

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…From the matrix of tests conducted, it emerged that the composition, as well as overall AFR of the mixture, have strong impact on the combustion development. As extensively documented by previous work, hydrogen or gas mixtures containing hydrogen, such as methanol reformed gas and hydrogen rich gas, have proved to be an excellent additive to control the knock, extend the lean limit, the tolerance to EGR and improve engine variability in SI engines [15,35,39]. When added to HCCI fuels with low octane number such as DME, hydrogen addition has been shown to act as a rather effective means by which it is possible to control the start of combustion by affecting the low temperature oxidation process [72][73][74][75].…”

Section: Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Thermodynamic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Rosati¹,

Aleiferis²

2009

SAE Int. J. Engines

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The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. ISSN 0148-7191 Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. SAE ABSTRACTHydrogen has been largely proposed as a possible alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Its wide flammability range allows higher engine efficiency with leaner operation than conventional fuels, for both reduced toxic emissions and no CO 2 gases. Independently, Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) also allows higher thermal efficiency and lower fuel consumption with reduced NO X emissions when compared to Spark-Ignition (SI) engine operation. For HCCI combustion, a mixture of air and fuel is supplied to the cylinder and autoignition occurs from compression; engine is operated throttle-less and load is controlled by the quality of the mixture, avoiding the large fluid-dynamic losses in the intake manifold of SI engines. HCCI can be induced and controlled by varying the mixture temperature, either by Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) or intake air pre-heating. A combination of HCCI combustion with hydrogen fuelling has great potential for virtually zero CO 2 and NO X emissions. Nevertheless, combustion on such a fast burning fuel with wide flammability limits and high octane number implies many disadvantages, such as control of backfiring and speed of autoignition and there is almost no literature on the subject, particularly in optical engines. Experiments were conducted in a singlecylinder research engine equipped with both Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (DI) systems running at 1000 RPM. Optical access to in-cylinder phenomena was enabled through an extended piston and optical crown. Combustion images were acquired by a highspeed camera at 1° or 2° crank angle resolution for a series of engine cycles. Spark-ignition tests were initially carried out to benchmark the operation of the engine with hydrogen against gasoline. DI of hydrogen after intake valve closure was found to be preferable in order to overcome problems related to backfiring and air displacement from hydrogen's low density. HCCI combustion of hydrogen was initially enabled by means of a pilot port injection of n-heptane preceding the main direct injection of hydrogen, along with intake air preheating. Sole hydrogen fuelling HCCI was finally achieved and made sustainable, even at the low compression ratio of the optical engine by means of closed-valve DI, in synergy with air-pre-heating and negative valve overlap to promote intern...

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Section: Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Thermodynamic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This leads to relatively low NO X emissions, especially for λ>2.5-4.0 [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can also be used to control the combustion duration, knocking and NO X emissions in SI hydrogen engines [13,[35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Rosati¹,

Aleiferis²

2009

SAE Int. J. Engines

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“…On-board generation of hydrogen-rich gas has been investigated using various types of prototype fuel reformer in the past [9,[23][24][25][26], in some cases with particular focus on cold-start performance [27,28]. Elsewhere, in-cylinder reforming has been employed in a system known as dedicated EGR [29] which uses rich combustion in one cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine to generate hydrogen rich EGR, similarly to REGR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine efficiency and emissions with hydrogen from exhaust gas fuel reforming

Fennell

Herreros

Tsolakis

2014

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Graphical Abstract AbstractExhaust gas fuel reforming has been identified as a thermochemical energy recovery technology with potential to improve gasoline engine efficiency, and thereby reduce CO2 in addition to other gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The principle relies on achieving energy recovery from the hot exhaust stream by endothermic catalytic reforming of gasoline and a fraction of the engine exhaust gas. The hydrogen-rich reformate has higher enthalpy than the gasoline fed to the reformer and is recirculated to the intake manifold, i.e. reformed exhaust gas recirculation (REGR).The REGR system was simulated by supplying hydrogen and carbon monoxide (CO) into a conventional EGR system. The hydrogen and CO concentrations in the REGR stream were selected to be achievable in practice at typical gasoline exhaust temperatures. Emphasis was placed on comparing REGR to the baseline gasoline engine, and also to conventional EGR. The results demonstrate the potential of REGR to simultaneously increase thermal efficiency, reduce gaseous emissions and decrease PM formation.

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“…The study found that using plasmatron fuel reformer increases the fuel conversion efficiency by up to 12.3 per cent. In a recent study by Allgeier et al [35], an SI engine was operated in all modes using gasoline enriched with reformer gas produced by partial oxidation. The strategy was to use reformer gases to achieve nearzero HC emissions during cold starting, and excess air to produce a highly exothermal reaction that enhanced catalyst warm-up, and finally to use a certain amount of reformer gases under low and medium loads to increase efficiency and to reduce NO x emissions.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural gas spark ignition engine efficiency and NO_x emission improvement using extreme exhaust gas recirculation enabled by partial reforming

Hosseini

Checkel

Neill

2008

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Natural gas spark ignition engine efficiency and NOx emission improvement using extreme exhaust gas recirculation enabled by partial reforming Hosseini, V.; Checkel, M. D.; Neill, W. S.Contact us / Contactez nous: nparc.cisti@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en Natural gas spark ignition engine efficiency and NO x emission improvement using extreme exhaust gas recirculation enabled by partial reforming Abstract: Natural-gas (NG), spark ignition (SI) engines have widespread application in the power generation and upstream oil and gas industries. The manufacturers of these engines are being challenged to meet increasingly stringent nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emission regulations without sacrificing fuel conversion efficiency.SI engines may be operated with air-fuel mixtures lean of stoichiometric to achieve higher thermal efficiency and to reduce NO x emissions. Compared with new combustion strategies such as homogeneous charge compression ignition, however, lean SI combustion suffers from a somewhat limited tolerability to mixture dilution and high cyclic variations. Alternatively, NO x emissions may be reduced by using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to dilute a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture. This paper investigates the application of reformer gas (RG) to enable a higher mixture dilution of an NG SI engine using EGR.It was found that RG enrichment allows an increase in the EGR dilution of a stoichiometric NG-air mixture from 12 per cent to more than 35 per cent. The optimal level of RG enrichment directly compensates for the combustion phasing retardation effect of EGR. Increasing the RG fraction in the mixture beyond the optimal value adversely affected the combustion process and fuel conversion efficiency. The experimental data suggest that NO x emissions comparable with the forthcoming 2010 US Environmental Protection Agency heavy-duty diesel engine regulations may be achieved using EGR, RG enrichment, and a three-way catalytic converter (TWC).An energy balance showed that there is the potential to increase the overall system fuel conversion efficiency slightly owing to a more optimized combustion process after taking into account the energy losses associated with fuel reforming. The approach of EGR, fuel reforming, and a TWC is suitable for retrofits because it can be accomplished without modifying the engine geometry.

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Advanced Emission and Fuel Economy Concept Using Combined Injection of Gasoline and Hydrogen in SI-Engines

Cited by 35 publications

References 7 publications

Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine

Improving gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine efficiency and emissions with hydrogen from exhaust gas fuel reforming

Natural gas spark ignition engine efficiency and NO_x emission improvement using extreme exhaust gas recirculation enabled by partial reforming

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