Advanced electrolyte design for stable lithium metal anode: From liquid to solid

A “Blockchain” Synergy in Conductive Polymer‐Filled Metal–Organic Frameworks for Dendrite‐Free Li Plating/Stripping with High Coulombic Efficiency

“…[3] On the other hand, the constant volume fluctuation and expansion yield an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), consuming excessive electrolytes and further aggravating the dendrite growth. [4] Many efforts have been devoted to address the above issues of lithium-metal anodes (LMAs), including in situ transformation or ex situ coating of a surface passivation layer, [5] utilization of functional additives to strengthen the SEI, [6] implementation of conductive 3D host to dissipate local current and constrain volume expansion, [7] as well as adoption of solid/semi-solid electrolyte and physical spacers. [8] Despite the great progress that has been witnessed, there is still a lack of an effectual solution to homogenize the Li + flux and mitigate the concentration polarization during plating/stripping, which are fundamental to address the root cause of the dendritic issue.…”

Constructing nitrided interfaces for stabilizing Li metal electrodes in liquid electrolytes

“…[1][2][3][4] Nevertheless, the traditional graphite-based LIBs have nearly reached their theoretical limit in energydensity (~ 250 Wh kg −1 ), which hinders the development of portable electrical devices and electric vehicles. [5][6][7][8] Li metal has lowest electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) among the alkali metals and a much higher theoretical specific capacity of 3860 mAh g −1 (which is 10 times of that of graphite) (Figure 1a). 4,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] When paired with high-voltage cathode materials, Li metal batteries (LMBs) are able to provide a 5 V-class output voltage and a 500 Wh kg −1class energy density (Figure 1a).…”

Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective

“…S reacts with Li via a conversion mechanism forming new (and soluble) products during battery operation which need to be contained at the cathode. Over the past years, efforts have been made to design new cathodes to avoid the so-called "shuttle-effect" [177,178], separators with better efficiency [179], and suitable liquid electrolytes together with ad-ditives to improve Li anode stability and safety [180]. An example of high-performance cathodes are 2D-organic layered materials containing atomically dispersed cations that deliver discharge capacities up to 1540 mAh•g −1 at 0.1C while retaining 496.5 mAh•g −1 after 2600 cycles at 3C with a decay rate as low as 0.013% per cycle [181].…”