Advanced dual-atom catalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries

Integrating single atoms with nanoparticle catalysts for efficient electrochemical energy conversion

“…To this end, a wide variety of catalysts have been reported, among which metal-based catalysts dominate due to their diverse electronic structures and chemical properties. 18–21 The catalytic performance of metal-based catalysts can be tailored by adjusting the particle size, chemical composition, active site valence, and atomic coordination of catalysts. 22–26 Remarkably, downsizing the particle size to the nanoscale has been found to profoundly change the catalytic behavior of metal-based catalysts.…”

“…56 However, the ultra-small size and high surface energy of SACs can lead to stability problems. 57 Additionally, the single active site and low metal loading of SACs 20,58–60 make them inferior to catalyze reactions that involve multiple steps. 61…”