Advanced distance protection applications fot dynamic loading and out-of step condition

Advanced Control Techniques for Enhance the Power System Stability at OOS Condition

“…It's considered the main protection for OHTL. The development in the protection relays from electromechanical relay and solid-state relays with mho quadrature to Intelligent Electronic Device (IEDs), numerical relay is the important factor in the widespread acceptance of this type of protection functions at different voltage levels all over the world [11] . The first zone in distance function protection is used to provide primary high-speed protection which operates instantaneous, to a significant portion of the transmission line.…”

“…The first zone in distance function protection is used to provide primary high-speed protection which operates instantaneous, to a significant portion of the transmission line. The second zone is used to cover the rest of the protected line and provide some backup for the remote end bus [10,11] . The third zone is the backup protection for the first and second zone for all the lines connected to the remote end bus.…”

“…The applications for the distance function in IEDs are required for understanding of operating principles, with consideration the factors that effect on the performance of the protection relays under different abnormal conditions in power system [12] . The setting of distance IEDs should ensure that the relay is not going to operate when not required and will operate, only when it's necessary [10][11][12] . IEDs distance protection effectively measures the impedance between the relay location and the fault by measuring voltage and current in the transmission line.…”

Temporal Causal Diagrams for Diagnosing Failures in Cyber-Physical Systems

“…One aspect of online management is fault identification, diagnostics, prognostication, and mitigation. Inability to automatically and timely diagnose and pinpoint the source(s) of failures combined with the potential side-effects of automated protection actions lead to impending fault cascades, which can be avoided (Zhang, Ilic, & Tonguz, 2011;Tholomier, Richards, & Apostolov, 2007). Recent blackouts and hurricane Sandy in 2012 demonstrated the grid vulnerability and reasons to look at existing defense mechanism more closely.…”