Advanced design of Chinese traditional materials for the conservation of historic stone buildings

Liu, Qiang; Liu, Yongjun; Zeng, Kunwei; Yang, Feiling; Hui, Zhu; Liu, Qingju

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.036

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…9c, d), as reported in the literature [4,15]. However, the morphology and size of those calcite crystals were not reduced in size, as reported in studies of both ancient and recent Chinese lime-mortars with sticky rice [4,9,10,[17][18][19]. The calcite crystals were found to be similar to the ones observed in preliminary studies with the same nanolime [24].…”

Section: Consolidation Effectivenesssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Other researchers found that the optimal sticky rice proportion when added to the lime mortar could vary from 1 to 3% [4] to 5% of sticky rice [7]. Further studies also showed that the formation of a more compact microstructure of smaller sized calcium carbonate crystals increases the mechanical properties, as calcium carbonate crystals are covered with a layer of sticky rice thus improving their resistance to weathering processes [4,9,10,[17][18][19]. The covering of the calcite crystals by the sticky rice in the mortar was also found to reduce the penetration of water in the structure and increase its resistance to wet-dry cycles [8,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these studies differ in how the sticky lime mortars were reproduced, as they varied significantly from the traditional approach where sticky rice solution was added to the quicklime during quenching: ''Usually, lime reacts with water to generate hydrated lime with emission of a lot of heat and simultaneously create alkaline environment that can effectively suppress and kill bacteria'' [7,10] thus explaining why sticky rice did not undergo biodeterioration over time. Most studies use commercial hydrated lime [4,8,16], or slaked lime [15], while others prepared the ''lime'' solution by reacting a calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) solution with Na(OH) [19] and in some cases using a supersaturated solution of this mixture and artificially carbonating it [3]. Nonetheless, most of the papers agree that the addition of sticky rice solution contributes significantly to the increase of the mortar's setting, mechanical strength, bonding capability, and reduced water absorption, though the study by Zhao et al [16], which also addressed the addition of tung oil and pig blood, found that 5% sticky rice slurry ''accelerates setting and hardening and increases compressive strength and bonding capability, although unit weight and water resistance are slightly reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sticky rice–nanolime as a consolidation treatment for lime mortars

2019

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For almost 1500 years, many ancient Chinese mortars have remained unaltered despite exposure to atmospheric agents. The main reason for this long-term durability is the addition of sticky rice water to the standard mortar ingredients (lime and sand) following traditional recipes. In recent years, these mortars have been methodically studied leading to the conclusion that amylopectin, a polysaccharide in the sticky rice, plays a crucial role in regulating calcite crystals growth, creating a denser microstructure and providing the mortar with hydrophobic properties which contributed to their survival. In recent decades, nanolime products based on Ca(OH) 2 nanoparticles suspended in alcohol or hydro-alcoholic medium have been extensively used for the consolidation of calcareous substrates mainly due to their chemical affinity and absence of side effects. Nanolime products have resulted in successful superficial consolidations. However, in-depth consolidation still needs to be achieved, and research needs to focus on ways to attain this objective. This study aimed to test a novel approach consisting of applying a pre-treatment of sticky rice and subsequently the nanolime. The resulting consolidation was evaluated by measuring changes of superficial cohesion, porosity, contact angle, drilling resistance, water absorption by capillarity, drying rate and aesthetic properties. The durability of the treatments was investigated by exposing samples to accelerated weathering. Results showed that the use of sticky rice in combination with nanolime yields a higher degree of consolidation increasing drilling resistance and delivering hydrophobic properties although prolonged exposure to high temperature and moisture can compromise treatment durability.

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Section: Consolidation Effectivenesssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sticky rice–nanolime as a consolidation treatment for lime mortars

2019

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“…Liu Q. 31 identified that due to the rapid changes in weather conditions (pollution, acid rain, etc. ), the protection of historical stone buildings and sculptures had recently received more attention.…”

Section: The Third Stage: Learning-exploration (2002-2017)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Imitation, Reference, and Exploration—Development Path to Urban Renewal in China (1985-2017)

Zhou

Chang

2019

Journal of Urban History

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In China, the field of urban renewal is one of the core concepts within the disciplines of urbanism and architecture. After decades of economic growth, many issues have been added to the field of urban development, which has diversified significantly. To comprehensively understand the developmental context of urban renewal in China, this paper starts from the urban and architectural disciplines, combined with the international background of urban regeneration, and systematically analyzes the progress of urban renewal in China from 1985 to 2017. Four major research themes are summarized and divided into three stages of development with the aim of chronologically sorting the contexts and trends of urban renewal in the thirty years since China’s “Open Door Policy.”

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“…Traditional materials (lime, gypsum, sand) have already shown their compatibility with the historical constructions (stone, masonry, wood). In this regard, Liu et al [5] show traditional materials present a good compatibility, and also reduce the deterioration of the mechanical characteristics of historical materials over time. Mortar of gypsum or lime get to structurally consolidate the existing buildings, providing security to the stone wall, masonry, solving their structural problems.…”

Section: Alternative In the Architectural Restorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforced Lime Concrete with FRP: An Alternative in the Restoration of Architectural Heritage

Almerich-Chulia

Fenollosa

Martín

2016

AMM

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Abstract. Reinforced concrete has been the material mainly used in the repair of traditional structures of historic buildings. However, since the end of the 20th century, it began to question its use, especially for damages arising from corrosion of steel. An alternative is lime concrete reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. Current lime concrete provides a high compressive strength and prevent problems such as cement alkalinity. GFRP bars provide the necessary tensile strength. Its modulus of elasticity and adhesion, improved by various mechanisms, allows good compatibility with concrete lime. Mechanical characteristics of the mixture are studied together to withstand the tensions and compressions in historic buildings. This new material is progressively replacing to Portland cement in the restoration of architectural heritage.

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Advanced design of Chinese traditional materials for the conservation of historic stone buildings

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Sticky rice–nanolime as a consolidation treatment for lime mortars

Sticky rice–nanolime as a consolidation treatment for lime mortars

Imitation, Reference, and Exploration—Development Path to Urban Renewal in China (1985-2017)

Reinforced Lime Concrete with FRP: An Alternative in the Restoration of Architectural Heritage

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