Advanced Characterization Techniques in Promoting Mechanism Understanding for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Zhao, Enyue; Nie, Kaihui; Yu, Xiqian; Hu, Yong‐Sheng; Wang, Fangwei; Xiao, Jie; Li, Hong; Huang, Xuejie

doi:10.1002/adfm.201707543

Cited by 92 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…After assembling a lithium–sulfur cell, the testing conditions can subsequently impact the electrochemical behavior of the device. Applying different cell‐testing conditions may result in a very different cell performance because of the conversion reactions that happen during every discharging and charging process . The cell testing conditions, including the operating voltage window and cycling rates, are two major factors that influence the performance evaluation characteristics of lithium–sulfur cells, including the charge‐storage capacity, cycle stability, and cycle life …”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

477

415

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that makes use of intercalation materials as the electrodes (Figure 1), applications involving electric vehicles and smart grids may require rechargeable batteries with new battery chemistries that can generate even higher energy densities for longer driving ranges and higher energy-storage capabilities. [6][7][8] Additionally, the lithiated transition-metal oxides used in commercial lithium-ion battery cathodes tend to be expensive, scarce, or toxic to the environment. Thus, it is desirable to explore new electrode materials that are naturally abundant (and therefore less expensive) as well as environmentally compatible in order to successfully enter the future battery markets. [6,[8][9][10][11] This driving force has promoted the development of batteries with conversionreaction electrodes, in which reversible electrochemical reactions take place and new chemical compounds form during the cycling of the battery. Naturally abundant materials, such as sulfur for the cathode, can be applied as electrodes. Different metallic anodes have shown great potential in coupling with sulfur cathode to generate a high energy density, including lithium metal [3,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17]31] as well as other alkali [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]31] and high-valent metals. [18,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] As a next-generation energy-storage technology beyond lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries are the most promising low-cost, high-capacity energy-storage device available due to their high charge-storage capacity, low cost, and the wide availability of sulfur. [32][33][34][35] The electrochemical reactions of lithium-sulfur batteries involve reversible conversions between sulfur (S 8 ), lithium polysulfides (Li 2 S x , x = 4-8), and lithium sulfides (Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S). [33][34][35][36] The conversions between sulfur and lithium polysulfides and lithium sulfides involve phase changes between liquid-state polysulfides and solid-state sulfur and sulfides. [35][36][37][38][39][40] Thus, the conversion reaction of lithium-sulfur battery chemistry has no restriction in maintaining the initial crystal chemistry of the electrode during electrochemical cycling. [39][40][41][42] Therefore, a full twoelectron redox reaction per sulfur atom can occur in a manner that is both reversible and stable, increasing the chargestorage capacity drastically as compared to the currently used insertion-reaction oxide cathodes. [7,[39][40][41][42] As a result, sulfur cathodes possess a high theoretical charge-storage capacity of 1672 mA h g −1 , which is the highest value among solid-state Lithium-sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energystorage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low-cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium-sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium-sulfur batteries a potential next-generation energy-storage technology. The current state of the rese...

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Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

477

415

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“…Sulfur K‐edge XAS is a powerful complementary technique to XRD, can provide detailed chemistry and oxidation states for each element forming the battery via the reading of local electronic features . In case of LSBs, the sulfur and its oxidized species can be distinguished through the occurrence of X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) from onset of the adsorption due to the variation of their chemical state and local environment .…”

Section: Up‐to‐date Characterization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

Bai

Gulzar

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

307

233

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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are regarded as a new kind of energy storage device due to their remarkable theoretical energy density. However, some issues, such as the low conductivity and the large volume variation of sulfur, as well as the formation of polysulfides during cycling, are yet to be addressed before LSBs can become an actual reality. Here, presented is a comprehensive overview illustrating the techniques capable of mitigating these undesirable problems together with the electrochemical performances associated to the different proposed solutions. In particular, the analysis is organized by separately addressing cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte. Furthermore, to better understand the chemistry and failure mechanisms of LSBs, important characterization techniques applied to energy storage systems are reviewed. Similarly, considerations on the theoretical approaches used in the energy storage field are provided, as they can become the key tool for the design of the next generation LSBs. Afterward, the state of the art of LSBs technology is presented from a geopolitical perspective by comparing the results achieved in this field by the main world actors, namely Asia, North America, and Europe. Finally, this review is concluded with the application status of LSBs technology, and its prospects are offered.nonrenewable sources depletion and environment pollution (global warming and air/water quality). In particular, the abundant use of fossil fuels (especially coal and oil) is origin of many medical problems all over the world resulting in a constant rising of health-care national systems expenses. In this regard, especially solar and wind based energy sources, have been demonstrated to represent a valid alternative to fossil fuels. However, their energy instability related to a nonconstant presence of sun/wind, determines an intermittent energy production which severely jeopardize a stable and reliable energy supply to the grid. In order to mitigate and possibly even to completely solve this issue, a feasible solution is to couple solar/wind energy generators with energy storage devices. The presence of these systems would indeed allow the release of the produced energy into the grid at the right time, therefore avoiding any instability or even grid failure. Among the available energy storage devices, secondary batteries represent surely a valid choice owing to the abundant research in this field and to the number of applications already exploiting batteries as the main energy source. In this regard, here we recall lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and His work mainly aims in modeling and experimentally validating complex systems at the micro/nanoscale with strong emphasis on the final device. In particular, his research themes focus on the integration of different physics (i.e., interdisciplinary) such as photonics, heat diffusion, electric charge/mass diffusion, and mechanicaldeformation toward the development of innovative devices for energy manipulation (harvesting and storage).nitrogen element coul...

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“…Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold a strong potential to fulfill these requirements, as they can deliver a theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg −1 and take advantage of the earth‐abundant sulfur sources . The high energy density of Li–S batteries is achieved by a stepwise reduction of sulfur to lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and further to lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), exerting a distinct dissolution/precipitation mechanism . However, the insulating end‐redox products (S/Li 2 S) and massive lithium polysulfide migration impose great kinetic challenges to fully realize energy‐dense Li–S batteries .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7] The high energy density of Li-S batteries is achieved by a stepwise reduction of sulfur to lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and further to lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), exerting a distinct dissolution/ precipitation mechanism. [8][9][10] However, the insulating end-redox products (S/Li 2 S) and massive lithium polysulfide migration impose great kinetic challenges to fully realize energy-dense Li-S batteries. 11,12 The complex S/Li 2 S deposition and accumulation on the conductive scaffolds render high barriers for both charge and mass transport, especially under high sulfur loading and low electrolyte/sulfur ratio conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expediting redox kinetics of sulfur species by atomic‐scale electrocatalysts in lithium–sulfur batteries

Kong

Chang-xin

et al. 2019

InfoMat

279

170

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Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have extremely high theoretical energy density that make them as promising systems toward vast practical applications. Expediting redox kinetics of sulfur species is a decisive task to break the kinetic limitation of insulating lithium sulfide/disulfide precipitation/dissolution. Herein, we proposed a porphyrin‐derived atomic electrocatalyst to exert atomic‐efficient electrocatalytic effects on polysulfide intermediates. Quantifying electrocatalytic efficiency of liquid/solid conversion through a potentiostatic intermittent titration technique measurement presents a kinetic understanding of specific phase evolutions imparted by the atomic electrocatalyst. Benefiting from atomically dispersed “lithiophilic” and “sulfiphilic” sites on conductive substrates, the finely designed atomic electrocatalyst endows Li–S cells with remarkable cycling stablity (cyclic decay rate of 0.10% in 300 cycles), excellent rate capability (1035 mAh g−1 at 2 C), and impressive areal capacity (10.9 mAh cm−2 at a sulfur loading of 11.3 mg cm−2). The present work expands atomic electrocatalysts to the Li–S chemistry, deepens kinetic understanding of sulfur species evolution, and encourages application of emerging electrocatalysis in other multielectron/multiphase reaction energy systems.

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Advanced Characterization Techniques in Promoting Mechanism Understanding for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Cited by 92 publications

References 163 publications

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

Expediting redox kinetics of sulfur species by atomic‐scale electrocatalysts in lithium–sulfur batteries

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