Advanced Body Composition Assessment: From Body Mass Index to Body Composition Profiling

Borga, Magnus; West, Janne; Bell, Jimmy D.; Harvey, Nicholas C.; Romu, Thobias; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Leinhard, Olof Dahlqvist

doi:10.1136/jim-2018-000722

Cited by 403 publications

(438 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Some concerns are also raised for DXA LST calibration, and, therefore, absolute SM mass predictions may vary between system manufacturers and software versions (Schoeller et al, ). Recently developed automated MRI analysis software will allow for comparable large sample human studies of SM mass in the future (Borga et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of adult human bone and skeletal muscle mass to height in the US population

Heymsfield

Hwaung

Ferreyro‐Bravo

et al. 2019

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: The scaling of structural components to body size is well studied in mammals, although comparable human observations in a large and diverse sample are lacking. The current study aimed to fill this gap by examining the scaling relationships between total body (TB) and regional bone and skeletal muscle (SM) mass with body size, as defined by stature, in a nationally representative sample of the US population. Methods: Subjects were 17,126 non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, and Mexican American men and women, aged ≥18 years, evaluated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who had TB and regional bone mineral (BMin) and lean soft tissue (LST) mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMin and appendicular LST served as surrogate bone and SM mass measures, respectively. The allometric model, BMin or LST = α(height) β , in a logarithmic form was used to generate scaling exponents. Results: The findings were similar across all gender and race groups: body mass scaled to height with powers of~2.0 (mean β ± SE, 1.94 ± 0.08-2.29 ± 0.09) while TB and appendicular BMin and appendicular LST scaled to height with consistently larger powers than those for body mass (eg, all P < .05 in NH white men and women); the largest BMin and LST scaling powers to height were observed in the lower extremities. Conclusions: Bone and SM mass, notably those of the lower extremities, increase as proportions of body mass with greater adult height. Metabolic and biomechanical implications emerge from these observations, the first of their kind in a representative adult US population sample.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of adult human bone and skeletal muscle mass to height in the US population

Heymsfield

Hwaung

Ferreyro‐Bravo

et al. 2019

American J Hum Biol

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“…There are numerous techniques and equations in order to quantify FM [8]. The reference methods in this field have some inherent problems, such as the time needed for evaluations, the financial costs involved, or the unnecessary exposure to radiation, in particular with young people [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overweight in Young Athletes: New Predictive Model of Overfat Condition

Mascherini

Petri

Ermini

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The aim of the study is to establish a simple and low-cost method that, associated with Body Mass Index (BMI), differentiates overweight conditions due to a prevalence of lean mass compared to an excess of fat mass during the evaluation of young athletes. 1046 young athletes (620 male, 426 female) aged between eight and 18 were enrolled. Body composition assessments were performed with anthropometry, circumferences, skinfold, and bioimpedance. Overweight was established with BMI, while overfat was established with the percentage of fat mass: 3.5% were underweight, 72.8% were normal weight, 20.1% were overweight, and 3.5% were obese according to BMI; according to the fat mass, 9.5% were under fat, 63.6% were normal fat, 16.2% were overfat, and 10.8% were obese. Differences in overfat prediction were found using BMI alone or with the addition of the triceps fold (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for BMI = 0.867 vs. AUC for BMI + TRICEPS = 0.955, p < 0.001). These results allowed the creation of a model factoring in age, sex, BMI, and triceps fold that could provide the probability that a young overweight athlete is also in an overfat condition. The calculated probability could reduce the risk of error in establishing the correct weight status of young athletes.

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“…After image processing, automated image analysis was performed using segmentation software provided by AMRA™ (AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden). This analysis allowed for automated segmentation and quantification of thigh skeletal muscle volumes [23,24], as well as total adipose tissue (TAT) and total lean tissue (TLT) volumes measured from the most distal point of the thigh muscle up to vertebrae T9, excluding arms [25]. The quantification was followed by visual quality review by a trained operator [26].…”

Section: Whole-body Mrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle strength, size and composition following 12 months of gender-affirming treatment in transgender individuals: retained advantage for the transwomen

Wiik

Lundberg

Andersson

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Objectives: This study explored the effects of gender-affirming treatment, which includes inhibition of endogenous sex hormones and replacement with cross-sex hormones, on muscle function, size and composition in 11 transwomen (TW) and 12 transmen (TM). Methods:Isokinetic knee extensor and flexor muscle strength was assessed at baseline (T00), 4 weeks after gonadal suppression of endogenous hormones but before hormone replacement (T0), and 3 (T3) and 11 (T12) months after hormone replacement. In addition, at T00 and T12, we assessed lower-limb muscle volume using MRI, and cross-sectional area (CSA) and radiological density using CT. Results: Thigh muscle volume increased (15%) in TM, which was paralleled by increased quadriceps CSA (15%) and radiological density (6%). In TW, the corresponding parameters decreased by -5% (muscle volume) and -4% (CSA), while density remained unaltered. The TM increased strength over the assessment period, while the TW generally maintained or slightly increased in strength. Baseline muscle volume correlated highly with strength (R>0.75), yet the relative change in muscle volume and strength correlated only moderately (R=0.65 in TW and R=0.32 in TM). The absolute levels of muscle volume and knee extension strength after the intervention still favored the TW. Conclusion: Cross-sex hormone treatment markedly affects muscle strength, size and composition in transgender individuals. Despite the robust increases in muscle mass and strength in TM, the TW were still stronger and had more muscle mass following 12 months of treatment. These findings add new knowledge that could be relevant when evaluating transwomen's eligibility to compete in the women's category of athletic competitions. 14

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Advanced Body Composition Assessment: From Body Mass Index to Body Composition Profiling

Cited by 403 publications

References 73 publications

Scaling of adult human bone and skeletal muscle mass to height in the US population

Scaling of adult human bone and skeletal muscle mass to height in the US population

Overweight in Young Athletes: New Predictive Model of Overfat Condition

Muscle strength, size and composition following 12 months of gender-affirming treatment in transgender individuals: retained advantage for the transwomen

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