Advanced bioengineering of female germ cells to preserve fertility

Abstract

Oogenesis and folliculogenesis are considered complex and species-specific cellular differentiation process, which depends on the in vivo ovarian follicular environment and endocrine cues. Considerable efforts have been devoted to driving the differentiation of female primordial germ cells toward mature oocytes outside of the body. The recent experimental attempts have laid stress on offering a suitable microenvironment to assist the in vitro folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Despite developing a variety of bioengineering techniques and generating functional mature gametes through in vitro oogenesis in earlier studies, we still lack knowledge of appropriate microenvironment conditions for building biomimetic culture systems for female fertility preservation. Therefore, this review paper can provide a source for a large body of scientists developing cutting-edge in vitro culture systems for female germ cells or setting up the next generation of reproductive medicine as feasible options for female infertility treatment. The focal point of this review outlines advanced bioengineering technologies such as 3D bio-fabricated hydrogels/scaffolds and microfluidic systems utilized with female germlines for fertility preservation through in vitro folliculogenesis and oogenesis.

Leveraging the Recent Advancements in GelMA Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: An Assessment of Challenges and Opportunities

“…The use of bioactive materials in tissue engineering applications is essential for promoting tissue regeneration. These materials should not only be noncytotoxic but also can trigger or enhance the regenerative process. − In bone tissue engineering, various bioactive agents can be incorporated into scaffolds or hydrogels to promote regeneration through methods such as inducing osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, integration with host tissue, and promoting angiogenesis . In addition to these regenerative properties, additives are also commonly used in GelMA-based materials to improve their structural and mechanical properties.…”