Advance task preparation reduces task error rate in the cuing task-switching paradigm

Meiran, Nachshon; Daichman, Alex

doi:10.3758/bf03193228

Cited by 57 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…It is important to note that Arbuthnott (2005) showed that conditions in which backward inhibition was small were associated with larger RTTRCEs, suggesting that the RT-TRCE represents incomplete suppression of a competing task set. The second piece of evidence is that the PE-TRCE (Meiran & Daichman, 2005) as well as the RT-TRCE (e.g., Cepeda et al, 2001;Koch & Allport, 2006;Meiran, 2005) increase following a task switch. These results may be interpreted as evidence that the execution of the alternative task set in the previous trial primed its response codes, which resulted in an elevated TRCE.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important consideration is that participants could respond correctly in congruent trials even when applying the wrong task rule (Meiran & Daichman, 2005). To ensure that they rarely did so, we used a high proportion of incongruent trials (.75) in all the experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because these mediator codes are highly accessible, when a target stimulus is presented, both the relevant response category (up, in Figure 3) and the irrelevant category (left, in Figure 3) become activated. This situation creates the risk that individuals will apply the wrong rule during responding (Ach, 1910(Ach, /2006Meiran & Daichman, 2005). To ensure task-appropriate responding, experimenters ask participants to focus their attention on the relevant subset of response categories (up and down in Figure 3).…”

Section: Rt-trce Is Task Specificmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The task rule congruency effect in task switching reflects activated long-term memory.

Meiran¹,

Kessler²

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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117

156

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Reaction time task rule congruency effects (RT-TRCEs) reflect faster responses to stimuli for which the competing task rules indicate the same correct response than to stimuli indicating conflicting responses. The authors tested the hypothesis that RT-TRCE reflects activated overlearned response category codes in long-term memory (such as up or left). The results support the hypothesis by showing that (a) RT-TRCE was absent for tasks for which there were no response codes ready beforehand, (b) RT-TRCE was present after these tasks were practiced, and (c) these practice effects were found only if the tasks permitted forming abstract response category codes. The increase in the RT-TRCE with response slowness, found only for familiar tasks, suggests that the abstract response category codes may be verbal or linguistic in these cases. The results are discussed in relation to task-switching theories and prefrontal functions.Keywords: task switching, working memory, congruency, practice, prefrontal functions Working memory (WM) and task switching are two core executive functions. Their interrelationships have been studied by means of a variety of approaches. These include examinations of WM load effects on task-switching performance (Baddeley, Chincotta, & Adlam, 2001;Emerson & Miyake, 2003), comparing WM span for tasks with WM span of items (Logan, 2004), individual differences studies (e.g., Miyake et al., 2000), and cognitive theorizing (e.g., Logan & Gordon, 2001;Mayr & Kliegl, 2000;Sohn & Anderson, 2001). The present study suggests an as-of-yet unrecognized link between these two functions by focusing on a highly replicable but poorly understood phenomenon from the task-switching literature, the task rule congruency effect (TRCE). In the remainder of the introduction, we review the literature on the TRCE and suggest a WM account for it. The experiments reported in this article provide additional crucial evidence that support our account.Task Switching and the TRCE Researchers interested in task control often use the taskswitching paradigm. The rationale for this choice is straightforward. Performance in stable conditions without task switching can be done in an "automatic pilot" mode, with little need for active control. This luxury is unavailable when there are frequent task switches. Most of the research has concentrated on the various costs associated with task switching (Fagot, 1994;Jersild, 1927; Monsell & Driver, 2000). However, additional highly replicable effects have also been found, and understanding their basis is likely to shed light on how control is accomplished (cf. Altmann, 2003). In the present work, we concentrate on the TRCE. This effect is among the most reliable found in task-switching experiments, yet relatively little work has been done to unravel its causes.To the best of our knowledge, Sudevan and Taylor (1987) were the first to demonstrate the TRCE in the context of task switching. The participants in their experiments responded to single digits and switched between two classification t...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rt-trce Is Task Specificmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The task rule congruency effect in task switching reflects activated long-term memory.

Meiran¹,

Kessler²

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

Self Cite

117

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this way, every possible response, and likewise every possible error, was mapped onto a different effector. This allows inferring from the subject's responses which type of error was made (Meiran and Daichman, 2005). A response error corresponds to a response with the correct hand but with the wrong finger of that hand.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to Meiran and Daichman (2005), we used univalent stimulus-response mappings. This means that we mapped every possible response to one effector.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Errors and Conflict at the Task Level and the Response Level

Desmet¹,

Fias²,

Hartstra³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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In the last decade, research on error and conflict processing has become one of the most influential research areas in the domain of cognitive control. There is now converging evidence that a specific part of the posterior frontomedian cortex (pFMC), the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ), is crucially involved in the processing of errors and conflict. However, error-related research has focused primarily on a specific error type, namely, response errors. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether errors on the task level rely on the same neural and functional mechanisms. Here we report a dissociation of both error types in the pFMC: whereas response errors activate the RCZ, task errors activate the dorsal frontomedian cortex. Although this last region shows an overlap in activation for task and response errors on the group level, a closer inspection of the single-subject data is more in accordance with a functional anatomical dissociation. When investigating brain areas related to conflict on the task and response levels, a clear dissociation was perceived between areas associated with response conflict and with task conflict. Overall, our data support a dissociation between response and task levels of processing in the pFMC. In addition, we provide additional evidence for a dissociation between conflict and errors both at the response level and at the task level.

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Control by action representation and input selection (CARIS): a theoretical framework for task switching

Meiran

Kessler

Adi-Japha

2008

Psychological Research

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102

123

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Control by action representation and input selection (CARIS) is a modeling framework for task-switching experiments, which considers action-related effects as critical constraints. It assumes that control operates by choosing control parameter values, representing input selection and action representation. Competing CARIS models differ in whether (a) control parameters are determined by current instructions or represent a perseveration, (b) current instructions apply to the input selection and/or to action representation. According to the chosen model (a) task execution results in a default bias in favor of the executed task thus creating perseverative tendencies; (b) control counteracts these tendencies by applying a transient momentary bias whose locus (input selection or action representation) changes as a function of task preparation time; (c) this happens because the task-cue (e.g., SHAPE) initially attracts attention to the immediately available cue-information (e.g., target shape) and then attracts it to inferred or retrieved information (e.g., "circle" is related to the right key press).

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Advance task preparation reduces task error rate in the cuing task-switching paradigm

Cited by 57 publications

References 71 publications

The task rule congruency effect in task switching reflects activated long-term memory.

The task rule congruency effect in task switching reflects activated long-term memory.

Errors and Conflict at the Task Level and the Response Level

Control by action representation and input selection (CARIS): a theoretical framework for task switching

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