Advance market commitment for pneumococcal vaccines: putting theory into practice

Cernuschi, Tania; Furrer, Eliane; Schwalbe, Nina; Andrew, Jones; Berndt, Ernst R.; McAdams, Susan C.

doi:10.2471/blt.11.087700

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The two vaccines were selling for an average of E40 in Europe and US$90 per injection in the USA. Each manufacturer's share of the AMC funds is disbursed as a subsidy per dose, in addition to the tail price of US$3.50 thus, the total price goes up to US$7 for approximately the first 20% of vaccine doses procured from each manufacturer (Cernuschi et al 2011). The aim is to enable firms to quickly recover incremental investment costs incurred to allow the scaling up of supply capacity to serve GAVI-eligible countries faster through the WHO and UNICEF as procurement agents.…”

Section: Fundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can medical products be developed on a non-profit basis? Exploring product development partnerships for neglected diseases

Muñoz

Visentin

Foray

et al. 2014

Science and Public Policy

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Reliance on market forces can lead to underinvestment in social welfare enhancing innovation. The lack of new medical products in the area of neglected diseases is a case in point. R&D for neglected diseases has increased with new funding and collaborations taking place mainly through product development partnerships (PDPs). PDPs are self-governing, private non-profit R&D organizations. In contrast to push and pull instruments designed to address private-sector R&D underinvestment, PDPs have emerged voluntarily to address this public health challenge. In this study we examine how non-profit R&D collaboration for neglected diseases takes place through PDPs. We find that PDPs act as 'system integrators' that leverage the resources and capabilities of a network of public, philanthropic and private-sector partners. This paper contributes to an understanding of R&D in a non-profit context and highlights the importance of collaboration and nonmarket institutions for promoting innovation where market failures occur.

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Section: Fundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can medical products be developed on a non-profit basis? Exploring product development partnerships for neglected diseases

Muñoz

Visentin

Foray

et al. 2014

Science and Public Policy

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“…PCVs are amongst the most expensive vaccines that are routinely used for infant vaccination. Although the Advance Market Commitment (AMC) and the support of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance substantially reduced the PCV price for low income countries [ 15 ] and pooled procurement might help reducing the costs for middle income countries [ 16 ] PCVs pose a considerable investment that requires robust evidence about its likely impact. A better understanding of the main factors that determine the impact of PCVs is essential to reduce the uncertainty around the impact and cost-effectiveness estimates of PCVs in PCV-naive countries, as well as for the assessment of the likely impact of future PCV compositions and to inform programme maintenance justifications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Serotype Distribution among Healthy Carriers before Vaccination Is Essential for Predicting the Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Invasive Disease

2015

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Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have substantially reduced morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal disease. The impact of the 7-valent PCV on all-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children was reported to vary between high-income countries. We investigate the ability to predict this heterogeneity from pre-vaccination data. We propose a parsimonious model that predicts the impact of PCVs from the odds of vaccine serotype (VT) among carriers and IPD cases in the pre-PCV period, assuming that VT are eliminated in a mature PCV programme, that full serotype replacement occurs in carriage and that invasiveness of the NVT group is unchanged. We test model performance against the reported impact of PCV7 on childhood IPD in high-income countries from a recent meta-analysis. The odds of pre-PCV7 VT IPD, PCV schedule, PCV coverage and whether a catch up campaign was used for introduction was gathered from the same analysis. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis to obtain the odds of pre-PCV7 VT carriage in the respective settings. The model predicted the reported impact on childhood IPD of mature PCV programmes; the ratio of predicted and observed incidence risk ratios was close to 1 in all settings. In the high income settings studied differences in schedule, coverage, and catch up campaigns were not associated with the observed heterogeneity in impact of PCV7 on childhood all-serotype IPD. The pre-PCV7 proportion of VT IPD alone also had limited predictive value. The pre-PCV7 proportion of VT carriage and IPD are the main determinants for the impact of PCV7 on childhood IPD and can be combined in a simple model to provide predictions of the vaccine preventable burden of IPD.

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“…In parallel to understanding the burden of specific pathogens, new financial mechanisms have been developed – such as the Advance Market Commitment (AMC) – to reduce the prices of available vaccines and deliver them in low– and middle–income countries, where they would otherwise remain unaffordable to local governments [11]. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (now called the GAVI Alliance) has been set up to raise funding to purchase these vaccines, with major contributions from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation who stood firmly behind the initiative to vaccinate children and prevent respiratory infections [12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing mortality from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea: The leading priority is also the greatest opportunity

Rudan

Nair²,

Marušić³

et al. 2013

J Glob Health

141

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Pneumonia and diarrhoea have been the leading causes of global child mortality for many decades. The work of Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) has been pivotal in raising awareness that the UN's Millennium Development Goal 4 cannot be achieved without increased focus on preventing and treating the two diseases in low– and middle–income countries. Global Action Plan for Pneumonia (GAPP) and Diarrhoea Global Action Plan (DGAP) groups recently concluded that addressing childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea is not only the leading priority but also the greatest opportunity in global health today: scaling up of existing highly cost–effective interventions could prevent 95% of diarrhoea deaths and 67% of pneumonia deaths in children younger than 5 years by the year 2025. The cost of such effort was estimated at about US$ 6.7 billion.

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Advance market commitment for pneumococcal vaccines: putting theory into practice

Cited by 40 publications

References 6 publications

Can medical products be developed on a non-profit basis? Exploring product development partnerships for neglected diseases

Can medical products be developed on a non-profit basis? Exploring product development partnerships for neglected diseases

The Serotype Distribution among Healthy Carriers before Vaccination Is Essential for Predicting the Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Invasive Disease

Reducing mortality from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea: The leading priority is also the greatest opportunity

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