Adults who stutter do not stutter during private speech

Jackson, Eric S.; Miller, Lindsay R.; Warner, Haley J.; Yaruss, J. Scott

doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105878

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Anxiety is also a primary contributor to the difficulty associated with implementing speaking strategies in "real world" settings. Stuttering is significantly reduced when social demands are low, such as speaking to one's self or speaking to an infant (Alm, 2014;Jackson et al, 2021). Anecdotally, stutterers report being able to use speaking strategies during therapy sessions in which social demands are low, but often have significant difficulty when outside of therapy (e.g., at work, with potential romantic partners).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported effects of classic psychedelics on stuttering

Gold

Goldway

Gerlach-Houck

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental communication disorder that can lead to significant social, occupational, and educational challenges. Traditional behavioral interventions for stuttering can be helpful, but effects are often limited. Classic psychedelics hold promise as a complement to traditional interventions, but their impact on stuttering is unknown. We conducted a qualitative content analysis to explore potential benefits and negative effects of psychedelics on stuttering using publicly available Reddit posts. A combined inductive-deductive approach was used whereby meaningful units were extracted and codes were initially assigned inductively. We then deductively applied an established framework to organize the effects (i.e., codes) into five subthemes (Behavioral, Emotional, Cognitive, Belief, and Social Connection), each of which was grouped under an organizing theme (positive, negative, neutral). Results indicated that the effects of psychedelics spanned all subthemes. Nearly 75% of participants reported overall positive effects. Nearly 60% of participants indicated positive behavioral change (e.g., reduced stuttering, increased speech control), 40% reported positive emotional benefit, 15% reported positive cognitive changes, 12% reported positive effects on beliefs, and 7% indicated positive social effects. Approximately 10% of participants reported negative behavioral effects (e.g., increased stuttering, reduced speech control). Psychedelics may help many stutterers improve communication, cultivate a healthier outlook, and promote psychological well-being. These preliminary results indicate that future clinical trials investigating psychedelic-assisted speech therapy for stuttering are warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported effects of classic psychedelics on stuttering

Gold

Goldway

Gerlach-Houck

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Smith & Weber, 2017) and a history of negative communicative experiences (e.g., bullying, mocking, or laughter) may heighten sensitivity to risk within social interactions among AWS. Notably, it has been documented that AWS who perceive themselves as being observed are more likely to experience dysfluencies during a speech task than when they perceive themselves as alone (Alm, 2014; Jackson et al, 2021). The occurrence of this “talk-alone effect” lends further support that changes within the social environment can impact the risk of dysfluency occurrence, which can therefore impact one's decision of when and how to communicate with another individual.…”

Section: Stuttering and Sensitivity To Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a probability discounting task of communication for adults who stutter.

Rodriguez¹,

Rasmussen²,

Hudock³

2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Previous research indicates speaking may be emotionally and socially risky for adults who stutter (AWS) due to psychological distress induced by others following a dysfluency. This may impact communication-related decision-making; however, no measure had been developed to objectively quantify this variable. The present study aimed to develop and validate the Probability Discounting for Communication (PDC) task, a behavioral measure of risk taking that characterizes decreasing subjective value of hypothetical communication engagement as the probability of stuttering and listener reaction change. AWS (n = 67) and adults who do not stutter (AWNS; n = 93) were recruited from an online listserv and MTurk. Across a series of trials, participants completed the PDC by using a visual analog scale to indicate their subjective value of communication as probabilities of stuttering (1%-99%) and magnitudes of negative listener reaction risk (10%, 50%, 90%) were manipulated. They also completed measures of stuttering, communication, and demographics. Results revealed communication was discounted hyperbolically across increasing dysfluency odds. AWS showed more systematic discounting patterns compared to AWNS suggesting AWS may be more sensitive to communication due to experiences with stuttering. A magnitude effect was found with both AWS and AWNS discounting communication more steeply with increasing negative listener reaction risk. Significant associations were observed between discounting, stuttering, and communication measures among AWS, which indicates that sensitivity to risk in the context of stuttering and social reaction may influence communication engagement. Overall, the PDC functions as a measure to assess underlying decisionmaking patterns related to communication among AWS, which may inform treatment.

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“…1 is private speech (talking to oneself). With almost all PWS, stuttering disappears or is radically reduced when no listener is present (Jackson et al, 2021;Kalinowski et al, 1999;Langová & Sváb, 1973;Martin & Haroldson, 1988). This has commonly been explained by the absence of communicative pre-ssure and of the fear of unfavorable listener reactions.…”

Section: Types Of Fcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Conditions that Immediately Reduce Stuttering and A Unifying Account for Their Effect

Hesse

2022

Preprint

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It has been known for a long time that many people who stutter are immediately fluent in certain conditions, for instance, when they speak in unison with others, in sync with the clicking of a metronome, or when they hear themselves speak in an altered manner. To understand why stuttering is reduced or even eliminated in such conditions is desirable because it may help understand why stuttering occurs in normal speaking conditions. However, empirical findings in this area appear conflicting and confusing, especially with regard to the role of auditory feedback. The article gives an overview of the variety and diversity of fluency-enhancing conditions and of theories proposed to explain their effect. These theories are evaluated in the light of recent empirical findings. A new hypothesis is proposed, based on findings showing that speech processing is limited without attention to the auditory channel. It is assumed that fluency-enhancing conditions draw the speaker’s attention to the auditory channel and, thereby, improve the processing of auditory feedback and its use in speech control. Implications of this account for a causal theory of stuttering and for the treatment of the disorder are discussed.

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Adults who stutter do not stutter during private speech

Cited by 16 publications

References 54 publications

Self-reported effects of classic psychedelics on stuttering

Self-reported effects of classic psychedelics on stuttering

Development of a probability discounting task of communication for adults who stutter.

Overview of Conditions that Immediately Reduce Stuttering and A Unifying Account for Their Effect

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