Adult Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration and Repair

Abstract

The regeneration of bone fractures, resulting from trauma, osteoporosis or tumors, is a major problem in our super-aging society. Bone regeneration is one of the main topics of concern in regenerative medicine. In recent years, stem cells have been employed in regenerative medicine with interesting results due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Moreover, stem cells are able to secrete bioactive molecules and regulate the behavior of other cells in different host tissues. Bone regeneration process may improve effectively and rapidly when stem cells are used. To this purpose, stem cells are often employed with biomaterials/scaffolds and growth factors to accelerate bone healing at the fracture site. Briefly, this review will describe bone structure and the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. In addition, the role of mesenchymal stem cells for bone repair/regrowth in the tissue engineering field and their recent progress in clinical applications will be discussed.

The Influence of Radiation on Bone and Bone Cells—Differential Effects on Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts

“…The bone marrow is a further important part of the bone microenvironment, as it gives rise to hematopoietic, as well as mesenchymal stem cells, which in turn can differentiate into OCs and OBs, respectively [ 120 ]. As mentioned earlier, osteoclasts develop from the myeloid lineage of HSCs from the bone marrow.…”

“…OBs on the other hand, differentiate from MSCs into pre-osteoblasts that migrate to the site of bone resorption, where they differentiate into fully functioning OBs that deposit the new bone matrix [ 121 ]. As OBs can differentiate further into osteocytes, MSCs consequently also give rise to these cells [ 120 ]. Additionally, OBs and OCs directly impact the differentiation of one another from the aforementioned precursor cells.…”

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Protect Ischemia-Reperfusion and Partial Hepatectomy by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

“…Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are ideal seed cells for cell-based regenerative therapies are widely used in tissue engineering (Iaquinta et al, 2019). Studies in animal models have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration (Liao et al, 2019), acute myocarditis (Zhang et al, 2017b), obesity-associated kidney injury , systemic lupus erythematosus (Guo et al, 2015) etc.…”

Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Endogenous Bone Regeneration

“…In the subsequent clinical trials using this conditioned media, the bioactive cytokines, such as VEGF, FGFs, and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) were identified and were found to promote ulcer healing ( 114 ) and improved photoaging ( 115 ) when the medium was locally injected into the lesions. Currently, there are no reports on the clinical trials using hAMSCs on bone regeneration; however, BMSCs ( 116 , 117 ), AdSCs ( 118 ), and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) ( 119 ) had shown to be safe, feasible, and effective ( 120 ). Based on the data of the clinical trials, we speculated that hAMSCs could be studied in the clinical trials of bone regeneration for future applications.…”