Adult stem cells and neurogenesis: Historical roots and state of the art

Geuna, Stefano; Borrione, Paolo; Fornaro, Michele; Giacobini-Robecchi, Maria G.

doi:10.1002/ar.1135

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…The choice of stem cell source for any particular application largely depends our ability to isolate and culture cells with particular tissue-speci®c capacities. For example, a signi®cant amount of e ort has been put toward the in vitro culture of hematopoietic stem cells (Audet et al, 1998;Ho man, 1999;McNiece and Briddell, 2001;Shih et al, 2000) and neural stem cells (Geuna et al, 2001;Svendsen et al, 1999;Weissman, 2000). An alternative approach to the culture of tissuespeci®c stem cells is the culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells, an approach that is appealing for the generation of cells or tissues that do not seem to have signi®cant developmental potential in the adult (e.g., cardiac cells [Soonpaa et al, 1995], beta cells [Soria et al, 2001]), or cell populations that have been di cult to grow in vitro (e.g., hematopoietic stem cells [Zandstra and Nagy, 2001]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of embryoid body formation and hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells in different culture systems

Dang

Kyba

Perlingeiro

et al. 2002

Biotech & Bioengineering

317

253

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells have tremendous potential as a cell source for cell-based therapies. Realization of that potential will depend on our ability to understand and manipulate the factors that in¯uence cell fate decisions and to develop scalable methods of cell production. We compared four standard ES cell differentiation culture systems by measuring aspects of embryoid body (EB) formation ef®ciency and cell proliferation, and by tracking development of a speci®c differentiated tissue typeÐbloodÐusing functional (colony-forming cell) and phenotypic (Flk-1 and CD34 expression) assays. We report that individual murine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ES cells form EBs with an ef®ciency of 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 42 9%, but this value is rarely obtained because of EB aggregationÐa process whereby two or more individual ES cells or EBs fuse to form a single, larger cell aggregate. Regardless of whether EBs were generated from a single ES cell in methylcellulose or liquid suspension culture, or aggregates of ES cells in hanging drop culture, they grew to a similar maximum cell number of 28,000 9,000 cells per EB. Among the three methods for EB generation in suspension culture there were no differences in the kinetics or frequency of hematopoietic development. Thus, initiating EBs with a single ES cell and preventing EB aggregation should allow for maximum yield of differentiated cells in the EB system. EB differentiation cultures were also compared to attached differentiation culture using the same outputs. Attached colonies were not similarly limited in cell number; however, hematopoietic development in attached culture was impaired. The percentage of early Flk-1 and CD34 expressing cells was dramatically lower than in EBs cultured in suspension, whereas hematopoietic colony formation was almost completely inhibited. These results provide a foundation for development of ef®cient, scalable bioprocesses for ES cell differentiation, and inform novel methods for the production of hematopoietic tissues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of embryoid body formation and hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells in different culture systems

Dang

Kyba

Perlingeiro

et al. 2002

Biotech & Bioengineering

317

253

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“…Of special interest are the stem cells produced throughout life from undifferentiated mitotically active cells in the subependymal layer of the olfactory bulb of the rat and mouse [Smart, 1961;Hinds, 1968]. The unusual regeneration of primary sensory neurons [olfactory receptor cells, Geuna et al, 2001], which provide new axons that grow to the olfactory bulb, may be an example of fetal characteristics that persist in the olfactory system of the adult. Furthermore, the nasal epithelium, studied chiefl y in rodents, shows considerable regenerative power, particularly the ensheathing cells of the olfactory nerve fi bres [Boyd et al, 2003].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Structures in Staged Human Embryos

Müller¹,

OʼRahilly²

2004

Cells Tissues Organs

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The olfactory region was investigated in 303 serially sectioned human embryos, 23 of which were controlled by precise graphic reconstructions. The following findings in the embryonic period are new for the human. (1) The nasal plates arise at the neurosomatic junction, as do also the otic placodes. (2) Crest comes from the nasal plates later (stage 13) than the maximum production in the neural folds (stage 10). (3) The crest arises and migrates during a much longer time (at least until the end of the embryonic period) than the neural crest of the head, where origin and migration end at stage 12. (4) Olfactory nerve fibres enter the brain at stage 17, the vomeronasal fibres and those of the nervus terminalis at stages 17 and 18. (5) Fibre connections between the olfactory tubercle and the olfactory bulb, as well as those to the amygdaloid nuclei, forebrain septum, and hippocampus, develop during and after stage 17. (6) Mitral cells appear late in the embryonic period. (7) Localized, although incomplete, lamination of the olfactory bulb is detectable at the embryonic/fetal transition. (8) Tangential migratory streams of neurons, from stage 22 to the early fetal period, proceed from the subventricular zone of the olfactory bulb towards the future claustrum; they remain within the insular region but are separated from the cortical plate. (9) In future cebocephaly morphological indications may be visible as early as stage 13. The various findings are integrated by means of staging, and current information for the fetal period is tabulated from the literature.

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“…On the other hand, non-embryonic stem cells are multipotent. Their potential to differentiate into a variety of cell types is limited to the kind of tissue where they originated from (Geuna et al, 2001; Lee and Hui, 2006).…”

Section: The Type and Function Of Stem Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem Cells: Current Approach and Future Prospects in Spinal Cord Injury Repair

Zhang

Huang²,

Qian

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) invariably results in the loss of neurons and axonal degeneration at the lesion site, leading to permanent paralysis and loss of sensation. There has been no successful treatment for severe spinal cord injuries to recover back to normal function yet. Studies have shown that the transplantation of stem cells may provide an effective treatment for SCI because of the self-renewing and multipotential nature of these cells. Stem cells have the capability to repair injured nervous tissue through replacement of damaged cells, neuroprotection, or the creation of an environment conducive to regeneration by endogenous cells. Up to today several types of stem cells have been transplanted into the injured spinal cord. However, the question of which cell type is most beneficial for SCI treatment is still unresolved. There are still several limitations to the current data sets which require further investigation. Anat Rec, 293:519-530, 2010. V V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Adult stem cells and neurogenesis: Historical roots and state of the art

Cited by 36 publications

References 78 publications

Efficiency of embryoid body formation and hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells in different culture systems

Efficiency of embryoid body formation and hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells in different culture systems

Olfactory Structures in Staged Human Embryos

Stem Cells: Current Approach and Future Prospects in Spinal Cord Injury Repair

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