Adult stem cell maintenance and tissue regeneration around the clock: do impaired stem cell clocks drive age-associated tissue degeneration?

Abstract

Human adult stem cell research is a highly prolific area in modern tissue engineering as these cells have significant potential to provide future cellular therapies for the world’s increasingly aged population. Cellular therapies require a smart biomaterial to deliver and localise the cell population; protecting and guiding the stem cells toward predetermined lineage-specific pathways. The cells, in turn, can provide protection to biomaterials and increase its longevity. The right combination of stem cells and biomaterials can significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy. Adult stem cells are utilised to target many changes that negatively impact tissue functions with age. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that lead to changes brought about by the ageing process is imperative as ageing leads to many detrimental effects on stem cell activation, maintenance and differentiation. The circadian clock is an evolutionarily conserved timing mechanism that coordinates physiology, metabolism and behavior with the 24 h solar day to provide temporal tissue homeostasis with the external environment. Circadian rhythms deteriorate with age at both the behavioural and molecular levels, leading to age-associated changes in downstream rhythmic tissue physiology in humans and rodent models. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of the role of circadian clocks in adult stem cell maintenance, driven by both cell-autonomous and tissue-specific factors, and the mechanisms by which they co-opt various cellular signaling pathways to impose temporal control on stem cell function. Future research investigating pharmacological and lifestyle interventions by which circadian rhythms within adult stem niches can be manipulated will provide avenues for temporally guided cellular therapies and smart biomaterials to ameliorate age-related tissue deterioration and reduce the burden of chronic disease.

Self‐Assembly and Mechanical Properties of Engineered Protein Based Multifunctional Nanofiber for Accelerated Wound Healing

“…C) ATR-FTIR spectra of PVA, GFP, and GFPDOPA (1000-4000 cm −1 ). D) Contact angle measurement of GFP (1-3) and GFPDOPA (4-6) coated onto polystyrene (1,4), polypropylene (2,5), and quartz plates (3,6). materials to determine the hydrophilic or hydrophobic property concerning the surfaces using the Young-Dupre equation…”

“…A cascade of biological events robustly co‐ordinates the physiological process of wound closure that acts to re‐establish or renew the integrity of damaged tissue. [ 1,2 ] The first prerequisite for wound management is to get balanced wound exudates (neither too dry nor too wet), which plays a pivotal role in deciding the formation of the new capillary network. [ 3 ] The excessive exudates easily overhydrate the wound that would invigorate microbial infection as well as delay the new capillary network in the tissue.…”

Cancer Stem-Like Phenotype of Mitochondria Dysfunctional Hep3B Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line

“…Stem cells that are involved in tissue regeneration without losing their properties for a long time have developed defense mechanisms to protect themselves from toxic environments [ 43 , 44 ]. CSCs are also resistant to anticancer drugs for the maintenance and production of tumors [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Radiation Lesions—A Review

“…Adult stem cells: This is another group of stem cells that are multipotent. Adult stem cells or adult progenitor cells are tissue-specific stem cells are available almost in all body tissues [ 13 ] such as epidermal stem cells of skin, stem cells of human hair follicles, cardiac stem cells of heart, neural stem cells of the brain, hepatic stem cells, intestinal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, ovarian epithelial stem cells, mammary stem cells, testicular stem cells, and satellite cells/myogenic stem cells of the skeletal muscle. Hemopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells are other groups of adult stem cells.…”