Adult outcome for children with autism

Howlin, Patricia; Goode, Susan; Hutton, Jane; Rutter, Michael

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00215.x

Cited by 1,458 publications

(1,209 citation statements)

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“…A recent cohort study that included 118 children with autism followed into adolescence reported more significant social impairment among females than males (Tonge & Einfeld, 2003). However, other studies have not found gender differences in language level, unusual verbal behaviors, or the level of repetitive behaviors (Howlin et al, 2004).…”

Section: Prevalence and Change In Autism Symptoms In Adolescence Andmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Having mental retardation is frequently related to greater severity of autism symptoms, poorer overall outcome, and a decreased likelihood of improvement (Lord & Bailey, 2002;McGovern & Sigman, 2005;Nordin & Gillberg, 1998;Seltzer et al, 2004;Shea & Mesibov, 2005). Conversely, better language ability has been shown to be associated with both better contemporaneous functioning and a greater likelihood of improvement over time (Howlin, Goode, Hutton, & Rutter, 2004;Howlin et al, 2000;Lord & Bailey, 2002;Nordin & Gillberg, 1998;Seltzer et al, 2004;Shea & Mesibov, 2005). In terms of an association between gender and autism symptoms, findings are mixed.…”

Section: Prevalence and Change In Autism Symptoms In Adolescence Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding predictors of change, based on reviews of prior research (Seltzer et al, 2004), we predicted that older age cohorts would show greater decline in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors than younger cohorts. Furthermore, based on past research (e.g., Howlin et al, 2004), we hypothesized that individuals without mental retardation would show greater declines in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors between Time 1 and Time 4 than those who have MR. Finally, again based on past research (e.g., Lord & Bailey, 2002;Szatmari, 2000), we hypothesized that those with better language abilities would show greater declines in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors between Time 1 and Time 4.…”

Section: Research Aims and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in Autism Symptoms and Maladaptive Behaviors in Adolescents and Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Shattuck

Seltzer

Greenberg

et al. 2006

J Autism Dev Disord

474

374

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This study examined change prospectively in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors during a 4.5 year period in 241 adolescents and adults with an autism spectrum disorder who were 10-52 years old (mean = 22.0) when the study began. Although many individuals' symptoms remained stable, a greater proportion of the sample experienced declines than increases in their level of autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors, and there were significant improvements in mean levels of symptoms. Individuals with mental retardation had more autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors than those without mental retardation, and they improved less over time. Compared to adolescents, older sample members (31 and older) had fewer maladaptive behaviors and experienced more improvement in these behaviors over time.

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Section: Prevalence and Change In Autism Symptoms In Adolescence Andmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Prevalence and Change In Autism Symptoms In Adolescence Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Research Aims and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in Autism Symptoms and Maladaptive Behaviors in Adolescents and Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Shattuck

Seltzer

Greenberg

et al. 2006

J Autism Dev Disord

474

374

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“…These factors may cause difficulties in a second domain of ER, situation modification, where one is able to alter a situation in order to regulate potential emotional responses. Individuals with ASD are known to have difficulties with naturalistic problem solving [Channon, Charman, Heap, Crawford, & Rios, 2001] and may have rigid ways of trying to cope with stressors to attain emotional relief [Howlin, Goode, Hutton, & Rutter, 2004].…”

Section: Modal Model Of Ermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Literature Review of Emotion Regulation Measurement in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2014

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Emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are a potential common factor underlying the presentation of multiple emotional and behavioral problems in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). To provide an overview of how ER has been studied in individuals with ASD, we conducted a systematic review of the past 20 years of ER research in the ASD population, using established keywords from the most comprehensive ER literature review of the typically developing population to date. Out of an initial sampling of 305 studies, 32 were eligible for review. We examined the types of methods (self-report, informant report, naturalistic observation/ behavior coding, physiological, and open-ended) and the ER constructs based on Gross and Thompson's modal model (situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation). Studies most often assessed ER using one type of method and from a unidimensional perspective. Across the 32 studies, we documented the types of measures used and found that 38% of studies used self-report, 44% included an informant report measure, 31% included at least one naturalistic observation/behavior coding measure, 13% included at least one physiological measure, and 13% included at least one open-ended measure. Only 25% of studies used more than one method of measurement. The findings of the current review provide the field with an in-depth analysis of various ER measures and how each measure taps into an ER framework. Future research can use this model to examine ER in a multicomponent way and through multiple methods. Autism Res 2014, 7: 629-648 [American Psychiatric Association, 2013], and there is considerable evidence that the majority also struggle with associated emotional problems. For instance, in a population derived cohort of 5-to 16-year-olds, Totsika, Hastings, Emerson, Lancaster, and Berridge [2011] found that 85% of youth with ASD without an intellectual disability (ID) had clinically significant levels of hyperactivity, 74% of emotional problems, and 64% of conduct problems, compared to much lower rates in a typically developing comparison group (19% hyperactivity, 18% emotional problems, and 22% conduct problems). Further, youth with ID and ASD had higher rates of emotional disorders than those with only ID (88% vs. 63% for hyperactivity, 71% vs. 42% for emotional problems, and 65% vs. 46% for conduct problems, respectively). There is also considerable co-occurrence of multiple emotional problems in individuals with ASD. Approximately 40-50% of youth with ASD are estimated to meet criteria for two or more psychiatric disorders, often combining attentional or behavioral problems (e.g. ADHD) with internalizing problems (e.g. anxiety disorder), even after taking into account symptoms that may be related to core ASD sociocommunicative and behavioral symptoms [Leyfer et al., 2006;Simonoff et al., 2008].

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“…However, such studies as have singled out adults with high functioning ASD and presented data specifically related to their employment experiences have tended to show poor outcomes for this group. These include low rates of independent employment; jobs that are not commensurate with the individual's ability levels; and difficulty maintaining jobs (Howlin, Mawhood, & Rutter 2000;Romoser 2000;Howlin et al 2004;Hurlbutt & Chalmers 2004;Cederlund et al 2008;Stuart-Hamilton et al 2009;. In addition, it appears that many adults with high functioning ASD are not receiving the supports at work that they need in order to perform their jobs well (Beardon & Edmonds 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Employment Activities and Experiences of Adults with High-Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder

Baldwin

Costley

Warren

2014

J Autism Dev Disord

318

232

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A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.For more information, please contact eprints@nottingham.ac.uk 1 Employment activities and experiences of adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder Abstract There is limited large-scale empirical research into the working lives of adults who have an autism spectrum disorder with no co-occurring intellectual disability. Drawing on data from a national survey, this report describes the employment activities and experiences of 130 adults with Asperger's Disorder (AD) and high functioning autism (HFA) in Australia. Outcome measures include current occupation; occupational skill level and alignment with educational attainment; type of job contract; hours of work; support received to find work; support received in the workplace; and positive and negative experiences of employment. The findings confirm and expand upon existing evidence that adults with AD and HFA, despite their capacity and willingness to work, face significant disadvantages in the labour market and a lack of understanding and support in employment settings.

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Adult outcome for children with autism

Cited by 1,458 publications

References 41 publications

Change in Autism Symptoms and Maladaptive Behaviors in Adolescents and Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Change in Autism Symptoms and Maladaptive Behaviors in Adolescents and Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Systematic Literature Review of Emotion Regulation Measurement in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Employment Activities and Experiences of Adults with High-Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder

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