Adult neural stem cells and their niche: a dynamic duo during homeostasis, regeneration, and aging

Silva-Vargas, Violeta; Crouch, Elizabeth E.; Doetsch, Fiona

doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.09.004

Cited by 132 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Stroke increases neurogenesis in experimental animals (30)(31)(32)(33), and an increase in neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts has also been observed in human ischemic brain (34)(35)(36)(37)(38). Strokeinduced neurogenesis couples to angiogenesis (31,(39)(40)(41)(42)(43). In the Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Ischemic Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes in stroke pathogenesis and therapy

Zhang¹,

Chopp²

2016

Journal of Clinical Investigation

197

149

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Section: Pathophysiology Of Ischemic Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes in stroke pathogenesis and therapy

Zhang¹,

Chopp²

2016

Journal of Clinical Investigation

197

149

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“…Adult neurogenesis is tightly regulated by the neurogenic niche, primarily restricting it to the SGZ and the SVZ, despite the neurogenic potential of progenitors that can be found throughout the central nervous system (32-34). The niche is vital for adult neurogenesis, and we suspect the elaborate morphology of RGL stem cells is key for their regulation by elements of the neurogenic niche (29,35). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine processes of Nestin-GFP–positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature

Moss

Gebara

Bushong

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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Adult hippocampal neurogenesis relies on the activation of neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus, their division, and differentiation of their progeny into mature granule neurons. The complex morphology of radial glia-like (RGL) stem cells suggests that these cells establish numerous contacts with the cellular components of the neurogenic niche that may play a crucial role in the regulation of RGL stem cell activity. However, the morphology of RGL stem cells remains poorly described. Here, we used light microscopy and electron microscopy to examine Nestin-GFP transgenic mice and provide a detailed ultrastructural reconstruction analysis of Nestin-GFP-positive RGL cells of the dentate gyrus. We show that their primary processes follow a tortuous path from the subgranular zone through the granule cell layer and ensheathe local synapses and vasculature in the inner molecular layer. They share the ensheathing of synapses and vasculature with astrocytic processes and adhere to the adjacent processes of astrocytes. This extensive interaction of processes with their local environment could allow them to be uniquely receptive to signals from local neurons, glia, and vasculature, which may regulate their fate.adult neurogenesis | adult neural stem cell | neurogenic niche | electron microscopy | hippocampus N eurogenesis in the adult mouse brain primarily occurs within discrete niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ), and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus, supplying new neurons to the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus, respectively (1-3). Neural stem cells of these niches can be activated to divide and generate other stem cells, astrocytes, or new neurons (4, 5). Newborn neurons of the dentate gyrus have the capacity to integrate into the existing hippocampal circuitry (6-8), influencing processes such as learning and memory (9-11) as well as stress and depression (12).Radial glia-like (RGL) neural stem cells of the SVZ, which supply the olfactory bulb with newborn neurons and astrocytes, express astrocytic markers and form elegant pinwheel structures (13-16). RGL neural stem cells of the adult dentate gyrus also express astrocytic markers, but comprise a heterogeneous population based on the molecular markers they express, the morphologies they exhibit (17-22), and their fate (23-28). Nestin-GFP-positive RGL stem cells account for more than 70% of RGL stem cells in the SGZ of the dentate gyrus (24), but it was recently found that not all Nestin-GFP-positive cells with RGL morphology have stem cell properties (29): type β cells, which arborize in the granule cell layer (GCL) but do not reach the molecular layer (ML) of the dentate gyrus, account for 26% of Nestin-GFP-positive RGL stem cells. They express stem cell (Sox1, Sox2, Prominin 1, GFAP, and Nestin) and astrocytic [GFAP, glial glutamate tranporter 1 (GLT1), and S100β] markers but do not proliferate. In contrast, type α cells, which extend across the GCL and arborize in the inner ML, account for 74% of Nestin-GFP-positive RGL cells. They express stem...

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“…This significant extrinsic signaling is possible because of the special cytoarchitecture of the niche that allows NSCs to be in direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles, with the vasculature and with other cells from the niche like astrocytes or microglia [15,16] . Subventricular NSCs (also known as type B1 cells) present a radial glia-like morphology, with an apical primary cilium contacting the ventricular lumen and a basal process reaching the basal lamina and the vascular structures [17,18] ( Figure 1A).…”

Section: Svz and The Olfactory Bulb Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic regulation of stemness maintenance in the neurogenic niches

Montalbán-Loro

Domingo-Muelas

Bizy

et al. 2015

WJSC

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In the adult mouse brain, the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are two zones that contain neural stem cells (NSCs) with the capacity to give rise to neurons and glia during the entire life of the animal. Spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression in the NSCs population is established and maintained by the coordinated interaction between transcription factors and epigenetic regulators which control stem cell fate. Epigenetic mechanisms are heritable alterations in genome function that do not involve changes in DNA sequence itself but that modulate gene expression, acting as mediators between the environment and the genome. At the molecular level, those epigenetic mechanisms comprise chemical modifications of DNA such as methylation, hydroxymethylation and histone modifications needed for the maintenance of NSC identity. Genomic imprinting is another normal epigenetic process leading to parentalspecific expression of a gene, known to be implicated in the control of gene dosage in the neurogenic niches. The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from NSCs by expression of defined transcription factors, provide key insights into fundamental principles of stem cell biology. Epigenetic modifications can also occur during reprogramming of NSCs to pluripotency and a better understanding of this process will help to elucidate the mechanisms required for stem cell maintenance. This review takes advantage of recent studies from the epigenetic field to report knowledge regarding the mechanisms of stemness maintenance of neural stem cells in the neurogenic niches.

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Adult neural stem cells and their niche: a dynamic duo during homeostasis, regeneration, and aging

Cited by 132 publications

References 56 publications

Exosomes in stroke pathogenesis and therapy

Exosomes in stroke pathogenesis and therapy

Fine processes of Nestin-GFP–positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature

Epigenetic regulation of stemness maintenance in the neurogenic niches

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