Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis: Five Decades Later

Bond, Allison; Ming, Guo Li; Song, Hongjun

doi:10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.003

Cited by 650 publications

(569 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Materials-The following materials were used: DMEM and F12 nutrient mixture (Gibco), triciribine (Millipore), Jetprime transfection reagent with buffer (Polyplus), doxycycline, fetal bovine serum (Gibco), N2 supplement (Thermo Fisher), B27 supplement (Thermo Fisher), RT-PCR buffer, RT Aid enzyme and ribonuclease inhibitor (Thermo Fisher), RT 2 Profiler neurogenesis PCR array system (SA Biosciences), and SYBR Green with reference control (Bio-Rad).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adult brain harbors germinal cell niches in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (1)(2)(3). The activation of these relatively quiescent neural progenitor cell (NPC) 2 populations and their capacity to differentiate into specialized cells is under rigorous cellular control (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activation of these relatively quiescent neural progenitor cell (NPC) 2 populations and their capacity to differentiate into specialized cells is under rigorous cellular control (4). Transduction of a variety of extracellular niche stimuli results in the activation of intracellular regulatory mechanisms within NPCs, signaling cascades that include transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators that serve to finely coordinate gene expression during neurogenesis (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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RIT1 GTPase Regulates Sox2 Transcriptional Activity and Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Mir

Cai

Andres

2017

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Edited by Paul E. FraserAdult neurogenesis, the process of generating mature neurons from neuronal progenitor cells, makes critical contributions to neural circuitry and brain function in both healthy and disease states. Neurogenesis is a highly regulated process in which diverse environmental and physiological stimuli are relayed to resident neural stem cell populations to control the transcription of genes involved in self-renewal and differentiation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing neurogenesis is necessary for the development of translational strategies to harness this process for neuronal repair. Here we report that the Ras-related GTPase RIT1 serves to control the sequential proliferation and differentiation of adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells, with in vivo expression of active RIT1 driving robust adult neurogenesis. Gene expression profiling analysis demonstrates increased expression of a specific set of transcription factors known to govern adult neurogenesis in response to active RIT1 expression in the hippocampus, including sex-determining region Y-related HMG box 2 (Sox2), a well established regulator of stem cell self-renewal and neurogenesis. In adult hippocampal neuronal precursor cells, RIT1 controls an Akt-dependent signaling cascade, resulting in the stabilization and transcriptional activation of phosphorylated Sox2. This study supports a role for RIT1 in relaying niche-derived signals to neural/stem progenitor cells to control transcription of genes involved in self-renewal and differentiation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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RIT1 GTPase Regulates Sox2 Transcriptional Activity and Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Mir

Cai

Andres

2017

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…1), with the different markers, alone or in combination, designating the different phases, varying from quiescent stem cell states to committed precursor steps (reviewed in Vankelecom 2010, andChen 2014). Such heterogeneity within the stem cell population has also increasingly been demonstrated in other organs (Bond et al 2015;Donati and Watt 2015). Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of brain stem cells identified the presence of four subgroups in different stages of activation (most prominently in response to injury), ranging from dormant to primed-quiescent, active and active-dividing stem cells (Llorens-Bobadilla et al 2015).…”

Section: Pituitary Stem Cells: Expanding Molecular Portrayalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary Stem Cells: Quest for Hidden Functions

Vankelecom

2016

Stem Cells in Neuroendocrinology

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The pituitary is the core endocrine gland, ruling fundamental processes of body growth, metabolism, reproduction and stress. Over the past decade, it has progressively become clear that the pituitary, like many adult tissues, harbors a population of stem cells. While the molecular depiction of these cells is constantly expanding, their function remains essentially hidden. From recent studies, the picture is developing that the stem cells of the adult pituitary are highly quiescent and mainly come into play during pathological conditions.Upon transgenic cell-ablation damage in the pituitary, the stem cell compartment is promptly turned on with expansion and expression of the missing hormone. This activation is accompanied by substantial regeneration of the lost hormonal cells, a restorative competence that was unexpected in the mature gland. This regenerative skill, however, rapidly disappears with aging, together with a decline in the number and fitness of the stem cells. One function of the adult pituitary stem cells may thus be hidden in the regenerative toolbox of the gland, at least during a specified and limited time window.Recent work also showed activation of the pituitary stem cell compartment during tumor formation in the (mouse) gland. Moreover, pituitary tumors (from patients and mice) contain a candidate 'tumor stem cell' (TSC) population. The pathogenetic steps of initiation, expansion, invasion and recurrence of pituitary tumors remain far from understood. A link between the tumor-driving TSC and the pituitary stem cells may shed new light on this tumorigenic darkness.To conclude, decoding the hidden functions of pituitary stem cells will not only lead to better fundamental insights into their role but may also expose (novel) targets for treating pituitary tumors and for regenerative intervention in pituitary deficiency, as caused by damage, tumors or aging. Yet, the journey in the 'hidden valley' of pituitary stem cell functions has only just begun, and a long distance still has to be walked.

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“…The more extended neurogenic area in the adult mammalian brain is the V-SVZ, located along the entire length of the walls of the lateral ventricles (figure 1a; [6]). Formerly simply known as SVZ, its current denomination as V-SVZ has integrated the concept of the contribution of the ependymal cells (ECs) contacting the ventricle with the physiology of the neurogenic niche.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intertwining extracellular nucleotides and their receptors with Ca ²⁺ in determining adult neural stem cell survival, proliferation and final fate

Lecca¹,

Fumagalli²,

Ceruti³

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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In the central nervous system (CNS), during both brain and spinal cord development, purinergic and pyrimidinergic signalling molecules (ATP, UTP and adenosine) act synergistically with peptidic growth factors in regulating the synchronized proliferation and final specification of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) to neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells. Some NSCs still persist throughout adulthood in both specific 'neurogenic' areas and in brain and spinal cord parenchyma, retaining the potentiality to generate all the three main types of adult CNS cells. Once CNS anatomical structures are defined, purinergic molecules participate in calcium-dependent neuronto-glia communication and also control the behaviour of adult NSCs. After development, some purinergic mechanisms are silenced, but can be resumed after injury, suggesting a role for purinergic signalling in regeneration and selfrepair also via the reactivation of adult NSCs. In this respect, at least three different types of adult NSCs participate in the response of the adult brain and spinal cord to insults: stem-like cells residing in classical neurogenic niches, in particular, in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), parenchymal oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, also known as NG2-glia) and parenchymal injuryactivated astrocytes (reactive astrocytes). Here, we shall review and discuss the purinergic regulation of these three main adult NSCs, with particular focus on how and to what extent modulation of intracellular calcium levels by purinoceptors is mandatory to determine their survival, proliferation and final fate.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca 2þ and ATP together to control life and death'.

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Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis: Five Decades Later

Cited by 650 publications

References 113 publications

RIT1 GTPase Regulates Sox2 Transcriptional Activity and Hippocampal Neurogenesis

RIT1 GTPase Regulates Sox2 Transcriptional Activity and Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Pituitary Stem Cells: Quest for Hidden Functions

Intertwining extracellular nucleotides and their receptors with Ca ²⁺ in determining adult neural stem cell survival, proliferation and final fate

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Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis: Five Decades Later

Cited by 650 publications

References 113 publications

RIT1 GTPase Regulates Sox2 Transcriptional Activity and Hippocampal Neurogenesis

RIT1 GTPase Regulates Sox2 Transcriptional Activity and Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Pituitary Stem Cells: Quest for Hidden Functions

Intertwining extracellular nucleotides and their receptors with Ca 2+ in determining adult neural stem cell survival, proliferation and final fate

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Intertwining extracellular nucleotides and their receptors with Ca ²⁺ in determining adult neural stem cell survival, proliferation and final fate