“…Age-related cognitive decline has been reported repeatedly in many life-span epidemiological studies (Hartshorne & Germine, 2015; Hughes, Agrigoroaei, Jeon, Bruzzese, & Lachman, 2018) with the majority of studies examining only a truncated age range rather than the whole life-span (Cornelis et al, 2019; Singh-Manoux et al, 2012; Zaninotto, Batty, Allerhand, & Deary, 2018). The pattern of age-related changes varies across cognitive abilities (Salthouse, 1998, 2010; Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, 2019) in both cross-sectional (Green, Shafto, Matthews, Cam, & White, 2015; E. M. Tucker-Drob, 2009; Whitley et al, 2016) and longitudinal (De Vis et al, 2018; Hughes et al, 2018; Singh-Manoux et al, 2012) studies. Processing speed usually exhibits the steepest decline (Salthouse, 2019) whereas vocabulary is well maintained until late adulthood (Singh-Manoux et al, 2011).…”