Adsorptive stripping voltammetry for simultaneous determination of hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene in hemodialysis samples using a multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode

Abstract

Hemodialysis is the most commonly used method for the treatment of chronic kidney disease. In this procedure, some patients use diuretics to control weight gain and blood pressure. In this work, a voltammetric sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes (GCE/MWCNT) is described for the simultaneous determination of the diuretics hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and triamterene (TRT). The oxidation of the diuretics on the GCE/MWCNT surface was observed at 1.01 and 1.17V for HCT and TRT, respectively, allowing simultaneous determination, which was not possible with the unmodified glassy carbon electrode. The GCE/MWCNT electrode provided 6-fold and 10-fold gains in anode peak intensity for HCT and TRT, respectively, compared to the unmodified electrode. After optimization of the conditions (pH, accumulation time, and accumulation potential), analytical curves were constructed for the analytes in the range from 1.0 × 10 to 2.0 × 10molL. The detection limits for HCT and TRT were 2.8 × 10 and 2.9 × 10molL, respectively. A high performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection was also developed for the determination of HCT and TRT in hemodialysis samples, for comparison with the electroanalytical method.

New Generation of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

“…The authors did not present a LOD but declared the success of the proposed method to evaluate the enantiomeric purity of reagents and wastewater treatment efficiency. Other promising MWCNTbased electrochemical devices were also reported to successfully analyze hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene [34], mangiferin and icariin [35], natamycin [36], omeprazole [37], gentamicin [38], and many other drugs [2,6,9,[17][18][19][20], attesting their electroanalytical performance and effectiveness. The growing trend of using miniaturized systems for the electroanalysis of bioactive molecules in living organisms through less invasive tests has positive repercussion and wide acceptance [2,17].…”

Overview of the Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide Levels in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Matrices

“…After optimizing the conditions (pH, accumulation time, and accumulation potential), analytical curves are generated for the analyte range from 1.0 × 10 −7 to 2.0 × 10 −5 mol/L.The detection limits for HCT and TRT are 2.8 × 10 −8 and 2.9 × 10 −8 mol/L. A high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection was also developed to determine HCT and TRT in hemodialysis samples compared to electroanalytic methods [16]. in the presence of HCZ CT and DSA impurities with high selectivity and average percentage gain accuracy (101.01 ± 0.80) and (100.01 ± 0.87) for HCZ and BZ using the PLSR model, respectively and (99.78 ± 0.80) and (99.85 ± 1.08) for HCZ and BZ using the SVR model, respectively.…”

Graphene‐AuNP Enhanced Inkjet‐printed Silver Nanoparticle Paper Electrodes for the Detection of Nickel(II)‐Dimethylglyoxime [Ni(dmgH2)] Complexes by Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (AdCSV)

“…The study of carbon nanomaterials to improve electrode sensitivity as a direct result of their enhanced electron transfer kinetics and the improved surface areato-volume ratio has kept materials scientists fascinated for the last two decades [51,52]. Graphene, the 2D carbon nanomaterial along with its oxides (graphene oxide) and other carbon nanoparticles including carbon nanotubes, carbon black, onion-like carbon and carbon dots have all been incorporated into electrochemical sensing applications [51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. In particular, the ability to improve paperelectrode sensitivity and selectivity through gold nanoparticle decorated graphenes has not been studied.…”