First-principles pseudopotential plane-wave calculations based on density functional theory and the generalized-gradient approximation have been used to study the adsorption, dissociation, and diffusion of hydrogen on the α-U(001) surface. Weak molecular chemisorption was observed for H 2 approaching with its molecular axis parallel to the surface. The optimization of the adsorption geometries on the threefold hollow sites yields final configurations with H 2 molecules moving towards the top site at both coverages considered, 0.25 and 0.5 monolayers. A low dissociation barrier of 0.081 eV was determined for H 2 dissociated from the onefold top site with the H atoms falling into the two adjacent threefold hollow sites. The analysis of the density of states along the dissociation paths shows that the hybridization of U 5f and H 1s states only occurs when the H 2 molecule is dissociated.