“…the dependencies on the extent of adsorption and the hydrophobic chain length of the surfactant) are also exhibited by the adsorption and penetration of oil molecules from the vapour phase into surfactant monolayers at the air-water surface. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] In addition to the surfactant studies described above, the optical response triggered by surface anchoring changes of LC systems has been used to investigate many different surface processes. These include the patterning of solid surfaces, [1,4,6,9,14,23,24] surface re-organisation of adsorbed phospholipids, [12,20] protein and ligand binding, [2,5,8,10,16,17,18,22,21] bound virus imaging, [15] chemical [3] and enzyme catalysed reactions, [13] the pH response of adsorbed polymers, [26] layer-by-layer polymer film assembly [25] and DNA hybridisation.…”