Adsorption of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> lipoteichoic acid to hydroxyapatite

Ciardi, J.E.; Rölla, Gunnar; Bowen, William H.; Reilly, J.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1977.tb00570.x

Cited by 36 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…This interaction is one of the factors that govern the formation of dental plaque biofilms (220). Formation of plaque is associated with the enhanced synthesis of extracellular LTA in the presence of sucrose and increased plaque acidity (94,203,243). In response, the low pH induces an acid tolerance response (ATR) in S. mutans.…”

Section: Role In Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Neuhaus

Baddiley

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

896

1,097

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SUMMARY Teichoic acids (TAs) are major wall and membrane components of most gram-positive bacteria. With few exceptions, they are polymers of glycerol-phosphate or ribitol-phosphate to which are attached glycosyl and d-alanyl ester residues. Wall TA is attached to peptidoglycan via a linkage unit, whereas lipoteichoic acid is attached to glycolipid intercalated in the membrane. Together with peptidoglycan, these polymers make up a polyanionic matrix that functions in (i) cation homeostasis; (ii) trafficking of ions, nutrients, proteins, and antibiotics; (iii) regulation of autolysins; and (iv) presentation of envelope proteins. The esterification of TAs with d-alanyl esters provides a means of modulating the net anionic charge, determining the cationic binding capacity, and displaying cations in the wall. This review addresses the structures and functions of d-alanyl-TAs, the d-alanylation system encoded by the dlt operon, and the roles of TAs in cell growth. The importance of dlt in the physiology of many organisms is illustrated by the variety of mutant phenotypes. In addition, advances in our understanding of d-alanyl ester function in virulence and host-mediated responses have been made possible through targeted mutagenesis of dlt. Studies of the mechanism of d-alanylation have identified two potential targets of antibacterial action and provided possible screening reactions for designing novel agents targeted to d-alanyl-TA synthesis.

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Section: Role In Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Neuhaus

Baddiley

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

896

1,097

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“…Although immunogenic when administered in crude form or in conjunction with adjuvant, purified LTA by itself is not immunogenic (9,34). Exposed at the cell surface, LTA is believed to be involved in bacterial adhesion (4,16). LTA is also thought to function in the maintenance of enzyme activity for several membrane-associated enzymes by concentrating cations (especially Mg 2ϩ ) near the cell membrane (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipoteichoic Acid Inhibits Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Function by Direct Binding to IL-2

Plitnick

Jordan

Banas

et al. 2001

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

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“…D-Alanyl esters of LTA have important functions in growth and physiology, including a role in the synthesis of wall teichoic acid (34,45), regulation of autolytic activity (16), and the binding of Mg 2ϩ for enzyme activity (2). The polyanionic properties of LTA are associated with adherence and cell-cell coaggregation through the binding of cations (36), proteins and polysaccharides (14), as well as hydroxyapatite (9). These are important factors in the formation of dental plaque biofilms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Defects in d -Alanyl-Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis in Streptococcus mutans Results in Acid Sensitivity

et al. 2000

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In the cariogenic organism, Streptococcus mutans, low pH induces an acid tolerance response (ATR). To identify acid-regulated proteins comprising the ATR, transposon mutagenesis with the thermosensitive plasmid pGh9:ISS1 was used to produce clones that were able to grow at neutral pH, but not in medium at pH 5.0. Sequence analysis of one mutant (IS1A) indicated that transposition had created a 6.3-kb deletion, one end of which was in dltB of the dlt operon encoding four proteins (DltA-DltD) involved in the synthesis of D-alanyllipoteichoic acid. Inactivation of the dltC gene, encoding the D-alanyl carrier protein (Dcp), resulted in the generation of the acid-sensitive mutant, BH97LC. Compared to the wild-type strain, LT11, the mutant exhibited a threefold-longer doubling time and a 33% lower growth yield. In addition, it was unable to initiate growth below pH 6.5 and unadapted cells were unable to survive a 3-h exposure in medium buffered at pH 3.5, while a pH of 3.0 was required to kill the wild type in the same time period. Also, induction of the ATR in (14), as well as hydroxyapatite (9). These are important factors in the formation of dental plaque biofilms. Streptococcus mutans, an organism associated with dental caries, synthesizes considerable LTA (25), particularly under the low growth rates typical of the plaque biofilm (7).The biosynthesis of D-alanyl-LTA, studied in Lactobacillus rhamnosus (12,27,28,42) and Bacillus subtilis (46), requires the D-alanyl-carrier protein (Dcp) for incorporation of the activated D-alanine into membrane-associated LTA (mLTA). The activation and ligation of D-alanine to Dcp is catalyzed by D-alanine:Dcp ligase (D-alanine-Dcl) having a function similar to the acid thiol ligases (28). Unlike the first reaction, the transfer of activated D-alanine to mLTA is highly specific for D-alanine-Dcp. Recent genetic analysis (11, 42) has indicated that the proteins for D-alanine incorporation reside in the dlt operon comprised of four genes:dltA, encoding Dcl; dltC, encoding Dcp; dltB, encoding a putative transmembrane protein involved in the secretion of activated D-alanine; and dltD, a membrane-associated thioesterase for mischarged carrier protein.Two recent reports have indicated that oral streptococci possess the dlt operon comprised of dltA, dltB, dltC, and dltD having homology to the operons of L. rhamnosus and B. subtilis. In one study, Spatafora et al. (49) observed that the inactivation of the S. mutans UA130 dlt by transposon insertion into a site upstream of dltA resulted in the diminished synthesis of intracellular polysaccharide. Interestingly, the expression of the dlt operon was induced in the exponential phase when the cells were grown with sugars transported by the phosphoenolpyruvate-sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) but was expressed constitutively when grown with the non-PTS sugars raffinose and melibiose. A mutant of S. mutans defective in PTS activity showed constitutive expression, suggesting a relationship between the dlt operon and sugar transport via th...

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Adsorption of Streptococcus mutans lipoteichoic acid to hydroxyapatite

Cited by 36 publications

References 23 publications

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Lipoteichoic Acid Inhibits Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Function by Direct Binding to IL-2

Defects in d -Alanyl-Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis in Streptococcus mutans Results in Acid Sensitivity

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