Adsorption of copper, cadmium and silver from aqueous solutions onto natural carbonaceous materials

Abstract

Twelve carbonaceous materials were investigated for adsorption of Cd, Cu and Ag from water solutions. Before the adsorption experiments the chemical and structural characterization of all materials were made. The batch adsorption experiment was used. The kinetic of the adsorption process was very fast for the first five hours but very slow for approximately the next 65 hours. Nevertheless the maximum amount of metal removed was achieved during the first stage of about five hours. Biological materials (milled wood, bark, cork) exhibited a very low affinity for adsorption of metals. The best results were obtained for materials in an intermediate degree of carbonisation with a high content of oxygen rich functional groups. Although the highly carbonised materials exhibited low ability to adsorb copper or cadmium, their capacity to bind silver was very high.Keywords: adsorption; copper; cadmium; silver; wood; peat; coal; activated carbon Supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Project FRVŠ 1718. 258PLANT SOIL ENVIRON., 50, 2004 (6): 257-264 posed of highly oxidised phytoclasts. Oxidation at Bílina is related to paleofires. Leonardite is highly oxidised form of lignite. Our sample represents paleoweathered coal. Other studied materials were: bituminous coal from Kladno (CZ) and anthracite from Lhotice (CZ). This series was completed with industrial carbon-rich materials: coke, activated carbon Filtrasorb F-400 and Multisorb TM 100 (Multisorb TM 100 is the peat-based adsorbent manufactured by PEATEC Corporation, USA). All materials were dried at laboratory temperature, disintegrated and sieved. The fraction size of 1-2 mm was used for all adsorption experiments and surface properties characterization. Fine fraction under 1 mm was used for elementary analyses. The elementary composition was determined by pyrolysis accompanied with measurements using a CarboErba microanalysator (Borkovcová et al. 1986). The relative amount of oxygen containing surface functional groups was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR spectra were recorded with Nicolet 740 spectrometer using the standard KBr pellet technique (Borkovcová et al. 1986). The relative amount of the carboxylic groups was obtained from the FTIR spectrum by integration of the area in the zone between 1500 and 1800/cm (Yang 1997). The cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) was determined in a leachate of 0.1M BaCl 2 (Plume 1990). The mesoand macroporosity were determined by highpressure Hg porosimetry (Mayer and Stowe 1965). This method essentially consists of measuring the extent of mercury penetration into the evacuated solid as a function of applied hydrostatic pressure.The Porosimeter 2000 was used for this purpose. The surface area was measured by the BrunnauerEmmet-Teller (BET) method (Brunauer et al. 1938) with Sorptomatic 1800 CarloErba apparatus. The BET method is based on the measurement of nitrogen adsorption isotherm at the liquid N 2 temperature. Adsorption properties of carbonaceous a...

Nitrilotriacetic acid functionalized Adansonia digitata biosorbent: Preparation, characterization and sorption of Pb (II) and Cu (II) pollutants from aqueous solution

“…The more crystalline pattern of NFAD over the seed was due to the reduction and removal of amorphous non-cellulosic compounds by the alkali and also the removal of lignin by sodium chlorite in the modification process. The particle distribution was found to be monomodal while the BET surface area of NFAD was found to be very small (<1 m 2 /g); similar low surface area has been reported by Hanzlík et al [25] and Nantapipat et al [26]. This low surface area suggests that the adsorptive capacity of NFAD is most likely to be dependent on the functional group (—COOH) at its surface and the process is possibly going to be via chemisorptions.…”

Adsorbents for the removal of arsenic, cadmium, and lead from contaminated waters

“…Al2O3/Fe(OH)3 [13] Al2O3/Fe(OH)3 [13] Alcaligenes eutrophus [14] Adsorbents, agricultural [15] Alumina, activated [16] Alginate bead with iron [17] Algae, marine, dead biomass [18] Algae, marine, dead biomass [19] Alumina, iron hydroxide coated [20] Alumina, activated [21][22][23] Algae, Nile water [24] Alginate beads [25] Bauxsol, activated [26,27] Alumina, iron hydroxide coated [20] Alginate carriers [28] Apricot stone [29] Biomass [30] Bauxite, calcined [31] Aluminosilicates [32] Ash, brick kiln [33] Cactaceous powder [34] Bauxsol [35] Aluminum electrodes [36] Azolla filiculoides [37] Carbon, char [38] Bauxsol-coated sand [35] Anthracite [39] Bacteria, sulfate reducing [40] Carbon, coconut husk [41] Bauxsol, activated [26,27] Aragonite shells [42] Bagasse fly ash (1998) [43] Cellulose (bead) with iron oxyhydroxide [44] Biomass, yeast, methylated [45] Ascophyllum nodosum [46] Bagasse fly ash (2004) [47] Cement, iron oxide coated [48] Carbon, activated [49] Aspergillus niger, live …”

“…[69] Coconut coir pith [72] Candida utilis [73] Carbon, commercial [68] Ferric hydroxide, granular [74] Fe-Mn binary oxide [62,63] Carbon, activated, biofilm covered [60] Carbonate hydroxyapatite [75] Ferriginous manganese ore [76] Fe-Mn mineral material [66] Carbon, biological activated [64] Ceramics [68] Gibbsite [77] Feldspar [78] Carbon, F-400 active [79] Cereal chaff [80] Goethite [62,77] FePO4 (amorphous) [69] Carbon, granular activated, with biofilm [60] Charcoal, natural [81] Hematite [21,82] FePO4 (crystalline) [69] Carbonaceous material, natural [39] Chitin, natural [83] Hybrid (polymer/inorganic) [84] Ferrihydrite [85] Caustic magnesia [86] Chitin, phosphorylated [83] Iron(III)-loaded chelating resin [87] Ferruginous manganese ore [76] Charcoal, coconut shell, activated [88] Chitin, xanthated [83] Kaolinite, surfactant modified [89] Gibbsite [77] Cladosporium resinae [90] Chitins, surface modified [83] Lamarack seed powder [91] Goethite [62,77] Clay, mixed …”

“…[145] Slag, iron(III) oxide-loaded [121] Nickel, leaching residue from production [152] Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21 beads [153] Soil, Olivier [154] Olive stones [155] Red mud [156] Soil, Sharkey [154] Paecilomyces variotii [90] Red soil [157] Sponge, Fe loaded [125] Peat [39] Rice husk [133] TiO2 [128,129] Pelvetia caniculata [46] Sago waste [158] Volcanic stone [132] Perlite [159] Sand, River Ravi [33] Zeolite, surfactant modified [89,134] Pine cone, ground [160] Sawdust [161] Zeolites [132] Protein, immobilized metallothionein [162] Seaweed, brown [163] Zirconium oxide, monoclinic hydrous [140] Pumice sand columns [164] Seed hull [104] Zirconium-loaded activated carbon [74] Red mud [165] Sepiolite, natural [130] Zirconium(IV)-loaded chelating resin [143] Rhodobacter sphaeroides [166] Silicate MCM-41, mesoporous [167] Zirconium(IV)-loaded phosphoric chelate adsorbent [168] Rhodovulum [166] Slag, granular [169] Zr resin [142] Saccorhiza polyschides [46] Soil, fine loamy [170] Zr(IV)-loaded phosphoric acid chelating resin …”

Impact of organic carbon on the leachability of vanadium, manganese, iron and molybdenum from shale residues

“…This is in line with several studies although the adsorption capacities and pH dependence vary between different wood chips preparations and elements (cf. Reddy et al, 1997;Seki et al, 1997;Hanzlik et al, 2004;Oh and Tshabalala, 2007;Kaczala et al, 2009;Gichangi et al, 2012;Zhou and Haynes, 2012). For both reactors, periods with high EC in the aqueous phase coincided to some extent with periods of high temperature (cf.…”