Adsorption of Carvone and Limonene from Caraway essential oil onto Tunisian montmorillonite clay for pharmaceutical application

Abstract

To explore a novel kind of green composite material having excellent antibacterial, antifungal ability and specific-targeting capability for pharmaceutical uses, a novel kind of bio-composite was prepared using sodium purified clay as carrier of Caraway essential oil (CEO). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analyses of CEO reveals that Carvone (68.30%) and Limonene (22.54%) are the two major components with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value equal to 125 mg/mL against Staphylococcus (S) aureus bacteria and Candida albicans fungi. Clay from Zaghouan was purified and characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and N2 adsorption–desorption (BET method). Results obtained by chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) show that the concentration of 130 mg/mL of essential oil and 5 h of contact with the purified clay are the optimal conditions for the bio-hybrid formation. The pseudo-second-order model can describe the kinetic study of the adsorption of Carvone and Limonene on sodium montmorillonite, and the adsorption isotherms have been established to the Langmuir type. Limonene registers a maximum adsorption value equal to 3.05 mg/g of clay however Carvone register the higher amount of adsorption (19.98 mg/g) according to its polarity and the abundance of this compound in the crude CEO. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyses (CHN) and X-ray fluorescence characterization valid the success adsorption of CEO in sodium montmorillonite surface. The purified clay/CEO hybrid (purified clay/CEO) combined the advantages of both the clay and the essential oil used in exerting the antibacterial and antifungal activity, and thus, the composite has a double antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to the separately uses of inactive clay and CEO, suggesting the great potential application in pharmaceutical treatments.

Monitoring of Aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, and G2 in Spices from Riyadh Markets by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…The tested samples of cumin powder, ginger powder, caraway seeds, cloves, basil, saffron powder, oregano, and turmeric powder did not present any relevant fungal contamination with AFB 1 . Studies have shown that the majority of essential oils in these spices have antifungal properties [ 29 ]. This effect could also explain the low AF populations detected in seven spices powder, meat kabsa spices, and chicken kabsa spices.…”

“…This effect could also explain the low AF populations detected in seven spices powder, meat kabsa spices, and chicken kabsa spices. These spices are a mix of many crude spices, some with proven antifungal activity [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Partial Purification of Anthocyanins (Brassica oleracea var. Rubra) from Purple Cabbage Using Natural and Modified Clays as Adsorbent

“…This should cause repulsive interactions so the adsorption must follow another type of interaction. In this sense, the high surface area and high micro- and mesoporosity of the PCH sample should capture ACN molecules in its porous structure [48].…”