Adsorption of C.I. Natural Red 4 onto Spongin Skeleton of Marine Demosponge

Abstract

C.I. Natural Red 4 dye, also known as carmine or cochineal, was adsorbed onto the surface of spongin-based fibrous skeleton of Hippospongia communis marine demosponge for the first time. The influence of the initial concentration of dye, the contact time, and the pH of the solution on the adsorption process was investigated. The results presented here confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for developing a novel dye/biopolymer hybrid material. The kinetics of the adsorption of carmine onto a marine sponge were also determined. The experimental data correspond directly to a pseudo-second-order model for adsorption kinetics (r2 = 0.979–0.999). The hybrid product was subjected to various types of analysis (FT-IR, Raman, 13C CP/MAS NMR, XPS) to investigate the nature of the interactions between the spongin (adsorbent) and the dye (the adsorbate). The dominant interactions between the dye and spongin were found to be hydrogen bonds and electrostatic effects. Combining the dye with a spongin support resulted with a novel hybrid material that is potentially attractive for bioactive applications and drug delivery systems.

Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Immobilization onto Hippospongia communis Marine Demosponge Skeleton and Its Antibacterial Activity

“…The thermogram of the H. communis sponge skeletons have been recently described in detail in [38]. The thermogram of the spongin-based skeleton studied in this work with adsorbed chlorophyllin shows three characteristic decomposition stages.…”

“…These demosponges are widely cultivated under marine ranching conditions and, consequently, represent renewable source of special, naturally prestructured biological scaffolds. Nevertheless, to date they have found application mostly as adsorbents [37,38], scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration [39,40,41,42] and templates for development of composites used in electrochemistry [43]. Therefore, it is necessary to further functionalize selected marine demosponge skeletons as special matrices in order to improve their surface properties and enable their use in various further applications.…”

Spongin-Based Scaffolds from Hippospongia communis Demosponge as an Effective Support for Lipase Immobilization

“…Spongin shows excellent sorption properties [23] and additionally increases the affinity of the material to diverse enzymes and helps to create strong and stable interactions [15].…”

3D Chitin Scaffolds from the Marine Demosponge Aplysina archeri as a Support for Laccase Immobilization and Its Use in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals

“…These unique biopolymer-containing constructs offer alternative immobilization matrices that can be isolated from demosponges cultivated worldwide, to provide appropriate supports for a broad range of enzymes. Thus, demosponges of the order Dictioceratida (also known as commercial bath sponges) [7,8] represent a renewable source of proteinaceous spongin scaffolds which have recently been reported as effective in applications in extreme biomimetics [9][10][11][12], waste treatment [13][14][15][16][17], electrochemistry [18], and enzyme immobilization [19]. Meanwhile, marine demosponges of the order Verongiida have been recognized as a renewable source of uniquely pre-structured 3D chitinous scaffolds [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] which have found applications in tissue engineering [6,21,[29][30][31][32][33][34], drug release [35], the development of hybrid materials [36][37][38][39][40], and environmental science [41,42].…”