Adsorption of acetic acid onto activated carbons produced from hazelnut shell, orange peel, and melon seeds

Abstract

In this study, hazelnut shells, orange peel, and melon seeds were selected as raw materials in the preparation of activated carbon. Various activators at different concentrations under two activation temperatures of 300 °C and 500 °C were utilized. All produced adsorbents and a commercial activated carbon as a reference were used for the adsorption of acetic acid from its aqueous solutions in the various initial concentrations. The effect of the amounts of adsorbents was also studied. Removal efficiencies (Re%) and adsorption capacities (Qe) were experimentally determined. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were modelled, and their parameters were calculated. The surface area, pore volumes, and average pore width of the activated carbons were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77.35 K using the BET, t-plot, and BJH methods, respectively. The highest BET surface area of the activated carbon from hazelnut shells was obtained as 717.738 m2/g at 500 °C activation temperature and 60% H3PO4 concentration. SEM images and FTIR analyses were investigated. It was found that activated carbons of hazelnut shells and orange peel showed higher efficiencies than commercial activated carbon.

Exploring Modified Rice Straw Biochar as a Sustainable Solution for Simultaneous Cr(VI) and Pb(II) Removal from Wastewater: Characterization, Mechanism Insights, and Application Feasibility

“…The commercial activated carbon’s surface area was greater than the rice straw adsorbent’s surface area (534 m 2 /g) with a pore volume of 0.254 cm 3 /g. The BET surface area of rice straw biosorbent was found to be very low compared to other commercial activated carbons like fox nut −2636 m 2 /g, 20 hazelnut shells −717.738 m 2 /g, 21 and Wooden chips of spruce and birch −530 and 647 m 2 /g, 22 respectively. Hence, the surface area of the prepared adsorbent material has enough space to accumulate pollutants from the sources.…”

An Overview on the Development of Activated Carbon From Agricultural Waste Materials

“…Therefore, in recent years, people have been concentrating on the preparation of AC based on agricultural waste and lignocelluloses materials that are efficient and very cheap such as coconut shell, wood, hazelnut bagasse, kenaf fibre, sugarcane bagasse, jack fruit peel, bamboo, rice husk, ground nutshell, paper mill sludge, Prosopis (Prosopis juliflora), coconut husk (Yahya et al, 2015b). Activated carbon is produced from agricultural by-products, through controlled pyrolysis, the waste can be transformed into AC with or without chemical activators (Hasdemir et al, 2022). The proximal and final analysis of various agricultural leftovers is shown in Table 1.…”