Adsorption Characteristics of Pristine and Magnetic Olive Stones Biochar with Respect to Clofazimine

Abstract

Olive stone biochars (OSBC), both pristine and following magnetization (MAG–OSBC), were utilized as eco-friendly and cost-effective sorbents for the antituberculosis, clofazimine (CLOF). Morphologies, textures, surface functionalities, and thermal stabilities of both adsorbents were explored using SEM, EDX, TEM, BET, FT-IR, Raman, XRD and TGA analyses. SEM analysis showed meso- and macroporous surfaces. BET data showed that the MAG–OSBC possesses a larger surface area (33.82 m2/g) and pore volume. Batch adsorption studies were conducted following the experimental scenario of Box–Behnken (BB) design. The adsorption efficiency of both adsorbents was evaluated in terms of the % removal (%R) and the sorption capacity (qe, mg/g). Dependent variables (%R and qe) were maximized as a function of four factors: pH, sorbent dose (AD), the concentration of CLOF ([CLOF]), and contact time (CT). A %R of 98.10% and 98.61% could be obtained using OSBC and MAG–OSBC, respectively. Equilibrium studies indicated that both Langmuir and Freundlich models were perfectly fit for adsorption of CLOF. Maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 174.03 mg/g was obtained using MAG–OSBC. Adsorption kinetics could be best illustrated using the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. The adsorption–desorption studies showed that both adsorbents could be restored with the adsorption efficiency being conserved up to 92% after the sixth cycles.

Synthesis and Application of Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4)-Impregnated Olive Stones Biochar for the Removal of Rifampicin and Tigecycline: Multivariate Controlled Performance

“…The pH PZC of the as-prepared samples, Figure 2 c revealed that OSBC has a pH PZC of 5.1 and changed to 6.8 following the impregnation with the Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles. These values are comparable to the previously reported values for OSBC [ 37 , 54 ]. As a result, at a pH of 5.0 ± 0.2 (lower bound), the surface of the adsorbent could be neutral to positively charged, but at a pH of 9.0 ± 0.2 (upper bound), the surface will be negatively charged.…”

“…Biochar of olive stones (OSBC) either pristine or engineered has recently garnered the attention as an adsorbent for removing aquatic contaminants [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Conversion of olive stones into BC-based adsorbent is a sustainable solution for the disposal problems confronted by the well-established olive oil industry, where the total waste generation is nearly 75% of the olive harvest [ 38 ].…”

Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies of the Adsorption of Copper(II) Ions from Industrial Wastewater Using Activated Carbons Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse

“…Analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis is a very important analytical technique commonly used in determining and verifying the crystalline phase of powdered materials and to identify the framework lattice of such particular materials [62,63]. e compared powder X-ray diffraction analysis of the BAC-P and BAC-Zn adsorbents (before and after adsorption) is shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b), respectively.…”

Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review

“…In batch mode operation, variables affecting the removal process such as pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of the contaminant, and contact time have also been optimised (El-Azazy et al 2020 ; El-Azazy et al 2021b ; El-Azazy et al 2021c ; Bardestani et al 2019 ; Beakou et al 2017 ; Kalderis et al 2017 ; Lenin Sundar et al 2021 ; Roy et al 2018 ; Turk Sekulic et al 2018 ; Zhao et al 2021d ). Variables such as fixed-bed height, flow rate, the particle size of the biochar adsorbent, pH, and concentration of the inlet solution are optimised in continuous mode operation (Biswas et al 2020 ; Blagojev et al 2019 ; Levio-Raiman et al 2021 ; Sivarajasekar et al 2018 ; Suárez‐Vázquez et al 2021 ).…”