Hybrid materials consisting of quantum dots (QDs) coupled to peptides, DNA and proteins are currently of great interest in the developing research area of nanobiotechnology. 1-7 QD-based FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) probes have recently been reported, including QD-conjugated hybridization probes for the preliminary screening of siRNA sequences 8 and an ultrasensitive DNA nanosensor with a single quantum dot, which are benefited by the use of the unique photophysical properties of QDs and their conjugates.Actually, QDs are applied as an excellent donor in FRET due to their narrow emission and broad excitation spectra, enabling an effective separation of the donor and the acceptor fluorescence, and the selection of a wide range of excitation wavelengths to reduce the background. By placing both donor and acceptor fluorophores at precise locations on the molecule of interest, information on distance and angle changes between the two fluorophores, or conformational and structural changes of the labeled molecules can be extracted through FRET measurements.
10-13A more specific example of one type of measurement of current interest may be drawn from the current work of Ho et al.14 on the intracellular stability and unpacking of a DNA molecule. They used a QD-mediated FRET to determine the dynamic stability and the composition of plasmid DNA during intracellular transport, and achieved the precise detection of discrete changes in the nanocomplex state against various intracellular microenvironments. This approach provides a convenient method to follow the intra-or intercellular trafficking of DNA nanocomplexes over time. However, these nucleic acids are very susceptible to a nuclease attack under physiological conditions. 15 To overcome this problem, we have recently developed a unique FRET-inducing QD-DNA conjugate that is tolerant to nuclease digestion. Here, we report on a FRET analysis for structural changes of the QD-DNA conjugates and the inhibitory effect on the enzymatic reaction by dye binding.QD-DNA conjugates were prepared by varying the QD/DNA ratio (QD/DNA = 17, 168 and 1678) and using gel electrophoresis to separate the products. The method used for the conjugation of QD and DNA is schematically depicted in Fig. 1. 16 In brief, 3′-biotinylated 14-mer oligonucleotide (5′GGGCGGCGACCTAA3′-biotin, Sigma Genosys) was hybridized with complementary 5′-overhang (12 base) of λDNA (Takara Bio) and linked by ligation. The biotinylated λDNA (0.30, 3.0 and 30 pM) was reacted with streptavidin-coated CdSe/ZnS QD (0.5 nM, Qdot 605 Streptavidin Conjugate, Quantum Dot Corp.) in 82 mM NaHCO3 (pH 8.0). Each QD typically has 5 -10 streptavidins on its surface (User Manual PN 90-0003J Rev 9.1), thus providing several types of We have developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe based on the conjugation of a quantum dot (QD) with dye (YOYO-3) intercalated DNA. The FRET-inducing electrostatic coupling of DNA and the QD made structural changes to the QD-DNA conjugates, which significantly prev...