Adsorbed leucaena protein on citrate modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and its application as magnetic coagulant

Abstract

Natural coagulants from plants resources have gained a lot of attention as it is renewable, biodegradable, non-hazardous, lower cost, and less sludge generated compared to chemical coagulants. However there are still some drawbacks, namely long settling time and possible increase of dissolved organic carbon in the treated water. In this paper we tried to address these drawbacks by utilizing citrate modified Fe3O4 to adsorb protein from Leucaena leucocephala as the active coagulating agent. The effect of trisodium citrate concentration and protein adsorption pH to the adsorbed protein was investigated. It was found that the trisodium citrate concentration of 0.5 M and pH 4.0 gave the highest protein adsorption. The obtained magnetic coagulant was furthermore characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy to observe the characteristics before and after protein adsorption. Furthermore, the effect of pH (2 to 10) and coagulant dosage (60 to 600 mg L− 1) to the removal of synthetic Congo red wastewater and sludge volume formation was investigated. It was found that pH 3 was the best pH for coagulation due to charge neutralization mechanism of leucaena protein. Furthermore the highest removal was obtained at dosage 420 mg L− 1 with 80% removal. This result was comparable with crude extract of leucaena with half settling time (20 min) and lower increase of permanganate value, indicating lower increase of dissolved organics in the treated water.

Ovalbumin-coated Fe3O4nanoparticles as a nanocarrier for chlorogenic acid to promote the anticancer efficacy on MDA-MB-231 cells

“…24 Besides, the spectrum showed the noticeable increase of the peak at 1620 cm À1 ascribed to the C = O symmetric stretching vibration of citrate molecules, which are stabilized on the surface of the Fe 3 O 4 NPs. 20 These results revealed the presence of the -COOH groups of citrate molecules on the surface of the Fe 3 O 4 NPs. The FTIR spectrum of C-Fe 3 O 4 NPs@OVA showed peaks of the same kind observed for C-Fe 3 O 4 NPs at 580, 1403, 2920, 2853, and 3400 cm À1 demonstrating the presence of C-Fe 3 O 4 NPs (Fig.…”

“…2A(b)). 20 The XRD pattern infers the formation of the cubic inverse spinel structure of Fe 3 O 4 . 21 The XRD spectrum of C-Fe 3 O 4 NPs@OVA was recorded to understand if there were any changes in the crystalline structure of C-Fe 3 O 4 NPs in the OVA-coated C-Fe 3 O 4 NPs (Fig.…”

“…17 confluence of the cells. Then, the cells were treated with fresh medium containing samples at various concentrations (10,20,30,40, and 50 mg mL À1 ) and incubated for 48 h. After the addition of 100 mL of the MTT solution, the plate was kept at 37 1C for 4 h. After that, the supernatant was removed and 50 mL of DMSO was added to the cells and the plate was further kept for 30 min to solubilize the formazan crystals. Then the measurement was recorded at 620 nm by using a microplate reader (ROBONIK, India).…”

Efficient capture of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) with citrate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

“…50 The use of citrate-coated MIONPs for protein adsorption has been previously reported. 52,53 Rahman et al reported its use for bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption, obtaining an adsorption maximum of 83 mg g −1 at pH 4.7. 53 According to this work, the mechanism of adsorption was mostly electrostatic, due to the interaction between the negatively charged MIONPs (provided by the carboxylic groups of citrate molecules) and the positively charged BSA at low pH values.…”

Utilization of galactomannan from spent coffee grounds as coagulant aid to treat synthetic Congo red wastewater

“…Generally, based on the active ingredients, natural coagulant could be classified as protein, polyphenol, and polysaccharide (Kristianto 2017). Protein from Moringa oleifera (Baptista et al 2017), Moringa stenopetala (Dalvand et al 2016), Leucaena leucocephala (Kristanda et al 2020;Kristianto et al 2020), Cocos nucifera (Fatombi et al 2013), etc. as active coagulating agent has been extensively studied.…”