Adrenocortical Development, Maintenance, and Disease

Yates, Rebecca; Katugampola, Harshini; Cavlan, Dominic; Cogger, Katy; Meimaridou, Eirini; Hughes, Claire; Metherell, Louise A.; Guasti, Leonardo; King, Peter

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00007-9

Cited by 74 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 334 publications

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“…Around embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) in mice, and during the fourth to sixth weeks of human gestation, a thickening of the celomic epithelium between the urogenital ridge and the dorsal mesentery forms the adrenogonadal primordium (AGP). At the eighth week of human gestation (E10.5 in mice), the AGP divides into dorsomedial and ventrolateral portions, giving rise to the adrenal and gonadal primordia , respectively (1, 9–11). …”

Section: Developmental Origins Of the Adrenal Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ability of the adrenal gland to respond independently to these endocrine signals is dependent upon subpopulations of steroidogenic cells with distinct morphological and functional characteristics that are localized in specific concentric compartments (zones) of the cortex. In humans, three histologically distinct zones are evident: the outermost zona glomerulosa (zG), the intermediate zona fasciculata (zF), and the innermost zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens, respectively (1). Although the morphological and physiological aspects of the adrenal cortex have been relatively well characterized, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the three zones are not fully understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Mechanisms of Stem/Progenitor Cell Maintenance in the Adrenal Cortex

et al. 2017

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The adrenal cortex is characterized by three histologically and functionally distinct zones: the outermost zona glomerulosa (zG), the intermediate zona fasciculata, and the innermost zona reticularis. Important aspects of the physiology and maintenance of the adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells have emerged in the last few years. Studies have shown that the adrenocortical cells descend from a pool of progenitors that are localized in the subcapsular region of the zG. These cells continually undergo a process of centripetal displacement and differentiation, which is orchestrated by several paracrine and endocrine cues, including the pituitary-derived adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and angiotensin II. However, while several roles of the endocrine axes on adrenocortical function are well established, the mechanisms coordinating the maintenance of an undifferentiated progenitor cell pool with self-renewal capacity are poorly understood. Local factors, such as the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with embedded signaling molecules, and the activity of major paracrine effectors, including ligands of the sonic hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways, are thought to play a major role. Particularly, the composition of the ECM, which exhibits substantial differences within each of the three histologically distinct concentric zones, has been shown to influence the differentiation status of adrenocortical cells. New data from other organ systems and different experimental paradigms strongly support the conclusion that the interactions of ECM components with cell-surface receptors and secreted factors are key determinants of cell fate. In this review, we summarize established and emerging data on the paracrine and autocrine regulatory loops that regulate the biology of the progenitor cell niche and propose a role for bioengineered ECM models in further elucidating this biology in the adrenal.

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Section: Developmental Origins Of the Adrenal Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Stem/Progenitor Cell Maintenance in the Adrenal Cortex

et al. 2017

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“…141 The bulk of replicating cells under chronic RAAS or ACTH stimulation initially reside within the undifferentiated zone before extending to the other zones. 140,142 Conflicting data exist on whether ACTH is mitogenic in itself; 143 ACTH has been suggested to stimulate expression of growth factors, such as IGF-2, rather than directly promoting cell proliferation. 144,145 …”

Section: Regulation Of Adrenocortical Stem Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the adrenocortical stem cell niche: implications for disease

Walczak

Hammer

2014

Nat Rev Endocrinol

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Stem cells are endowed with the potential for self-renewal and multipotency. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells have an early role in the formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), whereas adult tissue stem cells and progenitor cells are critical mediators of organ homeostasis. The adrenal cortex is an exceptionally dynamic endocrine organ that is homeostatically maintained by paracrine and endocrine signals throughout postnatal life. In the past decade, much has been learned about the stem and progenitor cells of the adrenal cortex and the multiple roles that these cell populations have in normal development and homeostasis of the adrenal gland and in adrenal diseases. In this Review, we discuss the evidence for the presence of adrenocortical stem cells, as well as the various signalling molecules and transcriptional networks that are critical for the embryological establishment and postnatal maintenance of this vital population of cells. The implications of these pathways and cells in the pathophysiology of disease are also addressed.

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“…It is composed of concentric zones of steroidogenic cells surrounding the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (Gallo-Payet and Battista, 2014; Yates et al, 2013). Each zone of the cortex produces distinct steroid hormones that affect a variety of physiological functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of zonation and homeostasis in the adrenal cortex

Pignatti

Leng

Carlone

et al. 2017

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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The adult adrenal cortex is organized into concentric zones, each specialized to produce distinct steroid hormones. Cellular composition of the cortex is highly dynamic and subject to diverse signaling controls. Cortical homeostasis and regeneration rely on centripetal migration of steroidogenic cells from the outer to the inner cortex, which is accompanied by direct conversion of zona glomerulosa (zG) into zona fasciculata (zF) cells. Given the important impact of tissue structure and growth on steroidogenic function, it is essential to understand the mechanisms governing adrenal zonation and homeostasis. Towards this end, we review the distinctions between each zone by highlighting their morphological and ultra-structural features, discuss key signaling pathways influencing zonal identity, and evaluate current evidence for long-term self-renewing stem cells in the adult cortex. Finally, we review data supporting zG-to-zF transdifferentiation/direct conversion as a major mechanism of adult cortical renewal.

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Adrenocortical Development, Maintenance, and Disease

Cited by 74 publications

References 334 publications

Molecular Mechanisms of Stem/Progenitor Cell Maintenance in the Adrenal Cortex

Molecular Mechanisms of Stem/Progenitor Cell Maintenance in the Adrenal Cortex

Regulation of the adrenocortical stem cell niche: implications for disease

Regulation of zonation and homeostasis in the adrenal cortex

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