Adrenergic Blocking Agents Inadequate for NonSurgical Male Contraception

Alexander, Nancy J.; Fulgham, David L.; Wicklund, Roger

doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45632-3

Fertility and Sterility

1981

DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45632-3

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Adrenergic Blocking Agents Inadequate for NonSurgical Male Contraception

Nancy J. Alexander¹,

David L. Fulgham²,

Roger Wicklund³

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1984

1988

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Cited by 4 publications

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“…Orgasm was reportedly still experienced even in the absence of ejaculation. It is unlikely that this, or other cardiovascular active agents [224][225][226], would ever be seriously considered for this contraceptive use. (Figure 16), could rapidly appear in seminal plasma after oral administration [228--234].…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-steroidal interference with male fertility

Vickery¹

1986

Adv Contracept

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IntroductionThe male gamete has long been thought to be the most vulnerable point at which to interfere with fertility, particularly when this could be accomplished noninvasively at the time of transfer from male to female reproductive tracts. Thus the earliest attempts to interfere with male fertility date back to Roman times [1]. They were mechanical in nature and depended upon prevention of intromission (infibulation) or use of a barrier (condom). Also from the beginnings of recorded history, materials have been inserted into the vagina which interact with spermatozoa to prevent fertilization. Early materials were employed empirically and consisted of acidic or sticky materials [2,3]. Early frank spermicidal materials included quinine and mercurials [4,5].A milestone in the development of spermicides was the discovery in the early 1950s of the efficacy of the detergents typified by nonoxynol-9 [6]. More potent surfactants have been identified from time to time [7]. In the carefully monitored, well-motivated small-scale clinical trials these vaginal spermicides can achieve failure rates as low as 0.3 per 100 women years, essentially equivalent to the oral contraceptives for women [8][9][10][11]. Unfortunately, in widespread use, failure rates are much higher and retrospective surveys have shown up to 40% of users to become pregnant within 1 year [12][13][14][15]. With the exception of the animal studies reported on an imidazole with some additional loci of action [16--18] and some acrosin and hyaluronidase inhibitors [19--21], no noteworthy research has appeared in this area recently.It is probable that attempting to nullify very large numbers of normal motile spermatozoa within the female tract and within the anatomical and time constraints involved is doomed to failure. A better approach to male contraception with lesser constraints would likely be through administration of agents directly to the male. The present review addresses the varied history of this approach as it applies to non-steroidal materials. Advances in (i) Pituitary inhibitionHormonally active agents The earliest recorded studies on control of male fertility by chemical means administered to the male capitalized upon the observation that administration of low doses of testosterone to male rats was antispermatogenic [22]. As we now know, this reflected sufficient circulating androgen to cause feedback inhibition of gonadotropin release but insufficient intratesticular androgen levels to maintain spermatogenesis directly [23][24][25]. Studies in men with testosterone or its esters, however, never consistently achieved azoospermia or protection from pregnancy, except at dose levels expected to change lipoprotein formation and/or blood cell formation [26--28]. The long history of attempts to use steroids as indirect regulators of spermatogenesis is outside the scope of this review and is described by Dr Nieschlag in his review paper [29].From time to time non-steroidal structures with hormonal activity have been described ( Figure 1) and used ...

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Non-steroidal interference with male fertility

Vickery¹

1986

Adv Contracept

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Phenoxybenzamine — An effective male contraceptive pill

Homonnai¹,

Shilon²,

Paz³

1984

Contraception

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The possible use of phenoxybenzamine as a male contraceptive drug: Studies on male rats

Paz¹,

Shilon²,

Homonnai³

1984

Contraception

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Adrenergic Blocking Agents Inadequate for NonSurgical Male Contraception

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Non-steroidal interference with male fertility

Non-steroidal interference with male fertility

Phenoxybenzamine — An effective male contraceptive pill

The possible use of phenoxybenzamine as a male contraceptive drug: Studies on male rats

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