Adrenals

Harvey, S.; Scanes, Colin G.; Brown, K. W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_22

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…al 1989). Very similar picture of elevation of catecholamines and corticosterone during the stress situation involving hypodynamy in domestic fowl has been reported by Juráni at al (1980,1983), Harvey et al (1986), andSatterlee et al (1988). Short-term microgravity and hypodynamy-induced stress were investigated also from the morphological aspect by Cigánková et al (2001Cigánková et al ( , 2002Cigánková et al ( and 2005.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Effect of Hypodynamy on Structure and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Kidney in Japanese Quails

et al. 2008

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Almášiová V., V. Cigánková, K. Holovská, L. Lenhardt, P. Škrobánek, P. Massányi, M. Zibrín: Effect of Hypodynamy on Structure and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Kidney in Japanese Quails. Acta Vet. Brno 2008, 77: 313-320.The objective of the study was to observe the effect of experimental hypodynamy simulating weightlessness in space on the structure, ultrastructure and alkaline phosphatase activity of kidney in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two days after hatching, the quails were suspended in special shirts below the cage ceiling so their feet did not touch the floor. They could consume food and water ad libitum. Experimental animals were sacrificed after 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days of hypodynamy. Birds of the same age, hatched at the same time, and fed the same diet were used as a control. Samples of kidney were processed for light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) analysis.Short-term (14-28 days) hypodynamy caused no marked damage to the structure and ultrastructure of kidneys. However, after long-term (35-59 days) hypodynamy, morphological changes were observed in some cells of the proximal and distal tubules. The dying cells in proximal tubules, observed in semi-thin sections by LM, were dark and contained a nucleus of irregular shape. Observation by TEM showed that their nucleus was dark and shrivelled and the electron-dense cytoplasm contained long, dense, rod-shaped mitochondria with thin mitochondrial cristae. Microvilli were present on the apical surface of cells and formed a brush border. Sporadic dying cells were also observed in distal tubules. Large, light vacuoles were found in the cytoplasm of cells of collecting tubules, however, the structure of renal corpuscles and medullary loops remained undisturbed.Microscopical analysis by means of a direct TUNEL reaction on days 35 to 59 of hypodynamy showed a moderate occurrence of cellular apoptosis in the proximal and distal tubules of experimental Japanese quail. The activity of AP in the brush border of the proximal tubules on days 14-29 of hypodynamy was normal in experimental animals and showed no significant differences in comparison with the control. Between days 35 and 59 of hypodynamy a moderate decrease in the content of AP in experimental animals in comparison with the control (P < 0.01) was observed.Our results indicated that long-term hypodynamy caused apoptosis of some cells in the proximal and distal tubules and therefore had a negative effect on the kidney structure. The occurrence of apoptosis was only sporadic. We presume no negative effect on the kidney function and the Japanese quails are capable of further development under the conditions of prolonged simulated weightlessness. Microgravity, simulated weightlessness, morphology, histochemical analysisProgress in space research and the probability of future long-term space flights raises interest in their effects on humans and animals (Sychev et al. 2003). Because spatial experiments are demanding and expe...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Effect of Hypodynamy on Structure and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Kidney in Japanese Quails

et al. 2008

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“…It is generally agreed that secretory activity of the adrenal cortex is directly related to the sizes of nuclei and that of respective cells/tissues (cf.. Fromme-Bouman 1962, Gorman & Milne 1970, Silverin 1979 and inversely linked with the cholesterol and lipid content of the gland (cf. Harvey et al 1986). In view of this belief, results of the present investigation may be used as the evidences in favour of the conjecture that: (a) very short (2 h /day) day-length does not influence the secretory activity of adrenal cortex in any phase of the annual testicular cycle in parakeet; (b) adrenocortical responses to increased photoperiods (22 h/day) vary in relation to the reproductive phase of the concerned bird: (i) during breeding phase, activity of the adrenal cortex remains unaffected, (ii) during pre-breeding, late preparatory and early progressive phases, secretory activity becomes decreased only in the subcapsular zone (SDZ) of the adrenal cortex, (iii) during early preparatory and late progressive phases, adrenocorical activity becomes reduced in both the subcapsular (SCZ) and inner zones (IZ) of the gland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adrenocortical functions in birds are known to be related to the reproductive status (Silverin 1979), nutritional status (Harvey et al 1986), plasma ionic concentrations (Manna & Ghosh 1979), population stress (Ghosh & Banerjee 1983), environmental stressors including adverse weather (cf. Deviche 1983), physiologic and other aspects of migration (Lorenzen & Farner 1964) and behaviour related to territoriality (Ljunggren 1969).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It appears, therefore, rational to surmise that the regressive changes in adrenal cortex under very long unnatural daily photoperiods may be due to the photic stress (cf. Harvey et al 1986), the degree of which might vary depending upon the physiological status (cf. Chaturvedi & Thapliyal 1979) related to the sexual cycle of the parakeets and/or annual cyclicity in the daily rhythms of responsivity of adrenal to exogenous cue (Deviche 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influences of length of photoperiod on the adrenocortical activity of the male blossomheaded parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala.

Maitra

1989

Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology

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Adult male Blossomheaded Parakeets were exposed to very long (22 h) and very short (2 h) daily photoperiods for 45 days during different phases of the annual testicular cycle. Adrenocortical activity of the experimental photoperiodic birds were compared with that of parallely held natural photoperiodic birds with the use of different histophysiological parameters. These parameters are believed to be faithful indices of secretory functions in the steroidogenic part of avian adrenal gland. The study revealed that very short (2 h/day) day-length does not influence the activity of adrenocortical tissue in any phase of the annual cycle. Adrenocortical tissue of very long photoperiodic (22 L : 2 D) birds (i) remains unaffected during breeding phase, (ii) shows the features of inactiveness in the subcapsular zone (SCZ) during late preparatory, early progressive and prebreeding phases of treatment, and (iii) becomes atrophied in both the SCZ and IZ (inner zone) when the birds were exposed during early preparatory and late progressive phases of the annual gonadal cycle. The results of this study are discussed in the light of previous studies into photoperiodic effects on adrenocortical activity in parakeets.

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“…Perry (1941) proposed that in sparrow, influences of altered photoperiod involved circulating catecholamines. Studies under natural photoperiodic conditions revealed seasonal changes in the activity of adrenal medulla, the major source of circulating catecholamines (Harvey et al, 1986). These seasonal changes were related to the gonadal activities of various species of birds (Ljunggren, 1969;Ghosh and Bhakta, 1975;Maitra, 1987d).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Behaviour of the adrenal medulla using altered photoperiodic regimens during different phases of the annual testicular cycle in blossomheaded parakeet,Psittacula cyanocephala

Maitra

1989

Journal of Interdisiplinary Cycle Research

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Adult male blossomheaded parakeets were held under artificial long (22 h) and short (2 h) daily photoperiods for 45 days or 90 days at different phases of the annual gonadal cycle to investigate the influences of altered photoperiods on the behaviour of the adrenal medulla in these birds. Results of the quantitative estimation of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE), counting of the tinctorially differentiated E and NE cells and cytofluorescence of NE containing areas in the adrenal medulla, have indicated that adrenomedullary response to a particular light-dark schedule is uniform throughout the reproductive cycle of the parakeet. It has been found that significant (P < 0.001) loss of NE occurs only after 45 days treatment of very short daily photoperiods (2 L: 22 D), but the adrenal medulla of the rest of the experimentally treated birds remains essentially similar to the chromaffin tissue of birds held parallely under natural photoperiods. The results indicate that long daily artificial darkness for 45 days duration may influence the behaviour of the adrenal medulla, but the short photoperiod-induced depletion of NE from the adrenal medulla appears to be independent of the testicular functions in the blossomheaded parakeets.

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Adrenals

Cited by 8 publications

References 115 publications

Effect of Hypodynamy on Structure and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Kidney in Japanese Quails

Effect of Hypodynamy on Structure and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Kidney in Japanese Quails

Influences of length of photoperiod on the adrenocortical activity of the male blossomheaded parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala.

Behaviour of the adrenal medulla using altered photoperiodic regimens during different phases of the annual testicular cycle in blossomheaded parakeet,Psittacula cyanocephala

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