ADP-ribosylation of glutamine synthetase in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

Abstract

Glutamine synthetase (GS) inactivation was observed in crude cell extracts and in the high-speed supernatant fraction from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 following the addition of ammonium ions, glutamine, or glutamate. Dialysis of the high-speed supernatant resulted in loss of inactivation activity, but this could be restored by the addition of NADH, NADPH, or NADP ؉ and, to a lesser extent, NAD ؉ , suggesting that inactivation of GS involved ADP-ribosylation. This form of modification was confirmed both by labelling experiments using [ P]NAD؉ and by chemical analysis of the hydrolyzed enzyme. Three different forms of GS, exhibiting no activity, biosynthetic activity only, or transferase activity only, could be resolved by chromatography, and the differences in activity were correlated with the extent of the modification. Both biosynthetic and transferase activities were restored to the completely inactive form of GS by treatment with phosphodiesterase.In cyanobacteria, as in most prokaryotes, glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) plays a key role in nitrogen assimilation. The enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent biosynthesis of glutamine from NH 4 ϩ and glutamate and thus represents a key point for the interaction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Given this importance, one would expect that both the synthesis and the activity of the enzyme would be tightly regulated. Three types of GS, termed GSI to GSIII, are found in prokaryotes; GSI is the typical form found in many organisms (31). In the enterobacteriaceae, GS activity is regulated by an adenylylation/deadenylylation system, the activity of the adenyltransferase itself being regulated by the uridylylation state of the protein P II , which also exterts an effect on the transcription of the glnALG operon through its interaction with the NR II protein (14, 23). In gram-positive organisms, GS is not subject to adenylation and activity appears to be regulated by allosteric mechanisms (2).GSs have been purified from a number of cyanobacteria (18) and exhibit the typical size and subunit composition of GSI, although recently the presence of a GSIII has been reported in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (24). The regulation of GS activity in cyanobacteria, however, is not well understood. Fisher et al. (4) demonstrated that a cloned cyanobacterial GS was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli but was not subject to adenylation, although cyanobacteria have been shown to possess a P II homolog (28), the activity of which in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 is regulated by phosphorylation (6). Evidence from several sources (21,25,27,29) suggests that cyanobacterial GS activity is regulated by allosteric processes. In contrast, Joseph and Meeks (9) suggested that GS activity in a symbiotic Nostoc strain might be regulated by a posttranslational mechanism. GS activity has also been shown to be regulated by environmental factors in two unicellular cyanobacteria. Marqués et al. (15) demonstrated a short-term regulation of activity in Synechoc...

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“…It has been reported that the activity of glutamine synthetase in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is regulated by endogenous ADPribosylation (27). To prevent such nonenzymatic ADP-ribosylation and ensure homeostasis of the cell, control of the level of ADP-ribose is essential.…”