Adolescent support seeking as a path to adult functional independence.

Abstract

The potential importance of depending on others during adolescence in order to establish independence in young adulthood was examined across adolescence to emerging adulthood. Participants included 184 teens (46% male; 42% non-White), their mothers, best friends, and romantic partners, assessed at ages 13–14, 18, 21–22, and 25. Path analyses showed that associations were both partner and age specific: markers of independence were predicted by participants’ efforts to seek support from mothers at age 13, best friends at 18, and romantic partners at 21. Importantly, analyses controlled for support seeking from these partners at other ages, as well as for other potentially confounding variables including attachment security, scholastic/job competence, and physical attractiveness over time. Moreover, analyses suggested the transfer of support seeking behavior from mothers to best friends to romantic partners over time based on support given by the previous partner at an earlier age.

Learning to cope with anxiety: Long‐term links from adolescence to adult career satisfaction

“…In one exception, there was a positive correlation between adult functional independence and job competence among young adults. Moreover, adult functional independence among these young adults was positively correlated with highest level of education attained and current employment status, suggesting that adult functional competence may indeed be relevant as a predictor of career satisfaction (Szwedo, Hessel, Loeb, Hafen, & Allen, 2017). There is also indirect evidence that such competence might be associated with both anxiety and career outcomes provided by research examining related constructs.…”

Parent and Peer Attachment as Predictors of Emerging Adulthood Characteristics

“…The process of developing attachment occurs over a period of time and is not automatic or immediate (Bowlby, ). Attachment relationships can have positive and negative characteristics, and perceived security or support in a parent–child relationship affects both the tone and the trajectory for future relationships (Szwedo et al, ).…”

“…Additionally, perceived competence in the transition to adulthood was positively related to peer friendship quality for women (Haydon, ), and Kawamoto () showed that peer attachment relationships shape social identity during EA. Szwedo et al () suggested that individuals in EA tend to seek support from best friends rather than parents at age 18, but emerging adults’ ability to seek support from friends may be influenced by parental support. As with parent attachment, peer attachment is expressed through varying levels of trust, communication, and closeness (Armsden & Greenberg, ; Jiang et al, ).…”

“…By recognizing EA as a distinct life stage, counselors can educate clients and normalize clients’ experiences, thereby encouraging resilience and well‐being through the therapeutic relationship (Lane, ). Because various relational factors, including both parent and peer attachment, influence EA (Szwedo, Hessel, Loeb, Hafen, & Allen, ; Tanner, Arnett, & Leis, ), counselors may be able to enhance services for emerging adult clients through an informed understanding of the relationship between attachment and EA. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the ways that levels of parent and peer attachment predict EA characteristics.…”

A Self-Reflection Program for Smoking Cessation in Adolescents: A Phenomenological Study

“…As far as possible, please keep the introduction comprehensible to scientists outside your particular field of research. References should be numbered in order of appearance and indicated by a numeral or numerals in square brackets, e.g., [1] or [2,3], or [4][5][6]. See the end of the document for further details on references.…”