Adolescent schizophrenia: A methodologic review of the current neuroimaging and neuropsychologic literature

Findling, Robert L.; Friedman, Lee; Kenny, John; Swales, Thomas P.; Cola, D.; Schulz, S. Charles

doi:10.1007/bf02178192

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Four independent reports find no hippocampal volume reduction in this age group. [81][82][83][84] One study has found right-sided superior temporal gyrus volume reduction, 85 while in another study this finding was absent at baseline but present at a 2-year follow-up. 86 In contrast, the thalamus appears to be reduced in volume or area in EOS.…”

Section: Adult Onset Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 98%

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005

Rapoport¹,

Addington²,

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia that identify longitudinal precursors of illness have been of great heuristic importance focusing most etiologic research over the past two decades. These models have varied considerably with respect to specificity and timing of hypothesized genetic and environmental 'hits', but have largely focused on insults to prenatal brain development. With heritability around 80%, nongenetic factors impairing development must also be part of the model, and any model must also account for the wide range of age of onset. In recent years, longitudinal brain imaging studies of both early and adult (to distinguish from late ie elderly) onset populations indicate that progressive brain changes are more dynamic than previously thought, with gray matter volume loss particularly striking in adolescence and appearing to be an exaggeration of the normal developmental pattern. This supports an extended time period of abnormal neurodevelopment in schizophrenia in addition to earlier 'lesions'. Many subtle cognitive, motor, and behavioral deviations are seen years before illness onset, and these are more prominent in early onset cases. Moreover, schizophrenia susceptibility genes and chromosomal abnormalities, particularly as examined for early onset populations (ie GAD1, 22q11DS), are associated with premorbid neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Several candidate genes for schizophrenia (eg dysbindin) are associated with lower cognitive abilities in both schizophrenic and other pediatric populations more generally. Postmortem human brain and developmental animal studies document multiple and diverse effects of developmental genes (including schizophrenia susceptibility genes), at sequential stages of brain development. These may underlie the broad array of premorbid cognitive and behavioral abnormalities seen in schizophrenia, and neurodevelopmental disorders more generally. Increased specificity for the most relevant environmental risk factors such as exposure to prenatal infection, and their interaction with susceptibility genes and/or action through phase-specific altered gene expression now both strengthen and modify the neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia.

show abstract

Section: Adult Onset Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 98%

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005

Rapoport¹,

Addington²,

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, many of these studies are limited by substantial methodologic flaws. In the studies that have relied on neuroimaging, flaws have included (a) limited sample sizes (Bertolino et al, 1996), (b) absence of normal control groups (Findling et al, 1995;Soares & Mann, 1997), (c) ignoring dose-related effects of concurrent medication use on structural brain changes (Soares & Mann), and (d) failing to eliminate age-related decreases in blood flow and brain structure (Schultz et al, 2002).…”

Section: Nurture: the Fundamental Significance Of Relationship As A Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nurture: The Fundamental Significance of Relationship as a Paradigm for Mental Health Nursing

Raingruber

2003

Perspect Psychiat Care

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3 It is well known that the early stages of psychosis are accompanied by a significant cognitive impairment, but questions remain about the course of that impairment and relationships with key clinical variables. [4][5][6][7][8] The current study examines clinical status and neurocognitive functioning in a sample of adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, and also reports on a subset that was followed longitudinally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and neurocognitive course in early‐onset psychosis: a longitudinal study of adolescents with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders*

Wozniak

Block

White

et al. 2008

Early Intervention Psych

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim Adolescents with psychotic disorders show deficits in IQ, attention, learning and memory, executive functioning, and processing speed that are related to important clinical variables including negative symptoms, adaptive functioning and academics. Previous studies have reported relatively consistent deficits with varying relationships to illness status and symptoms. The goals of this study were to examine these relationships in a larger sample at baseline, and also to examine the longitudinal course of these deficits in a smaller subset of adolescents. Method Thirty-six subjects, aged 10 to 17 years, were included at baseline. All had Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and psychosis – not otherwise specified, as determined by Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children structured interviews. Patients were administered a neuropsychological battery, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ratings were completed at baseline and again at 1 year (n = 14). Most participants were inpatients at baseline, and 13 of 14were on atypical antipsychotic medication during both sessions. Results At baseline, the patients demonstrated impairments in working memory, processing speed, executive function and verbal learning. No significant cognitive change was detected at 1-year follow-up. In contrast, clinical symptoms were variable across 1 year, with an improvement in positive symptoms at 1 year. No relationships between clinical and cognitive symptoms were observed, with the exception of baseline IQ predicting negative symptoms at 1 year. Conclusions Young patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders displayed neurocognitive impairments at baseline. Despite measurable fluctuations in clinical symptoms over the year, no significant changes were measured in cognition. Lower IQ at baseline was predictive of more negative symptoms at 1 year.

show abstract

Adolescent schizophrenia: A methodologic review of the current neuroimaging and neuropsychologic literature

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005

Nurture: The Fundamental Significance of Relationship as a Paradigm for Mental Health Nursing

Clinical and neurocognitive course in early‐onset psychosis: a longitudinal study of adolescents with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders*

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About