Adolescent Runners

Mullen, Scott; Toby, E. Bruce

doi:10.1097/bpo.0b013e31829241dc

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Furthermore, our research showed an increase of stride frequency and a decrease of step length when running barefoot. These findings have been reported in many other studies for healthy adult [ 9 ], adolescent [ 5 ] and infantile [ 20 , 31 ] populations. They are probably a consequence of a smaller impact force during landing [ 17 ] but might also be explained by a more cautious gait due to higher proprioception [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The last few years, barefoot and barefoot-like running has been widely discussed as a natural alternative to traditional shoe running in recreational sports [ 1 , 2 ]. The long-believed benefits of stable and cushioned running shoes are questioned by findings that show lower prevalence of foot disorders [ 3 , 4 ], improved running economy [ 5 , 6 ] and lower impact forces in barefoot runners [ 5 , 7 , 8 ]. These effects are probably due to alterations in lower extremity running biomechanics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These effects are probably due to alterations in lower extremity running biomechanics. Numerous studies [ 5 – 8 ] have shown a higher rate of rear-foot strikes (RFS) during running with shoes whereas barefoot running produces more forefoot strikes during initial ground contact. According to Lieberman et al [ 7 ], this is mainly caused by cushioning of the heel, which allows “a runner to rear-foot strike comfortably” by reducing peak ground reaction forces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Minimalist Footwear Strategies for Simulating Barefoot Running: A Randomized Crossover Study

et al. 2015

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Possible benefits of barefoot running have been widely discussed in recent years. Uncertainty exists about which footwear strategy adequately simulates barefoot running kinematics. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of athletic footwear with different minimalist strategies on running kinematics. Thirty-five distance runners (22 males, 13 females, 27.9 ± 6.2 years, 179.2 ± 8.4 cm, 73.4 ± 12.1 kg, 24.9 ± 10.9 km.week-1) performed a treadmill protocol at three running velocities (2.22, 2.78 and 3.33 m.s-1) using four footwear conditions: barefoot, uncushioned minimalist shoes, cushioned minimalist shoes, and standard running shoes. 3D kinematic analysis was performed to determine ankle and knee angles at initial foot-ground contact, rate of rear-foot strikes, stride frequency and step length. Ankle angle at foot strike, step length and stride frequency were significantly influenced by footwear conditions (p<0.001) at all running velocities. Posthoc pairwise comparisons showed significant differences (p<0.001) between running barefoot and all shod situations as well as between the uncushioned minimalistic shoe and both cushioned shoe conditions. The rate of rear-foot strikes was lowest during barefoot running (58.6% at 3.33 m.s-1), followed by running with uncushioned minimalist shoes (62.9%), cushioned minimalist (88.6%) and standard shoes (94.3%). Aside from showing the influence of shod conditions on running kinematics, this study helps to elucidate differences between footwear marked as minimalist shoes and their ability to mimic barefoot running adequately. These findings have implications on the use of footwear applied in future research debating the topic of barefoot or minimalist shoe running.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Minimalist Footwear Strategies for Simulating Barefoot Running: A Randomized Crossover Study

et al. 2015

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“…Other kinematic differences that have been observed with barefoot running include an increased stride frequency (cadence), a shorter stride length, and less ground contact time. 3 - 6 , 10 , 13 , 20 , 24 , 26 , 38 , 41 Even though the decreased contact time with the ground may influence a reduction in force, the increased cadence may actually have a cumulative effect of joint forces over time. Very limited evidence suggests a decrease in stride length may reduce the probability of a stress fracture by 3% to 6%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Risks and Benefits of Running Barefoot or in Minimalist Shoes

2014

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Context:The popularity of running barefoot or in minimalist shoes has recently increased because of claims of injury prevention, enhanced running efficiency, and improved performance compared with running in shoes. Potential risks and benefits of running barefoot or in minimalist shoes have yet to be clearly defined.Objective:To determine the methodological quality and level of evidence pertaining to the risks and benefits of running barefoot or in minimalist shoes.Data Sources:In September 2013, a comprehensive search of the Ovid MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases was performed by 2 independent reviewers.Study Selection:Included articles were obtained from peer-reviewed journals in the English language with no limit for year of publication. Final inclusion criteria required at least 1 of the following outcome variables: pain, injury rate, running economy, joint forces, running velocity, electromyography, muscle performance, or edema.Study Design:Systematic review.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Data Extraction:Two reviewers appraised each article using the Downs and Black checklist and appraised each for level of evidence.Results:Twenty-three articles met the criteria for this review. Of 27 possible points on the Downs and Black checklist, articles scored between 13 and 19 points, indicating a range of evidence from very limited to moderate. Moderate evidence supports the following biomechanical differences when running barefoot versus in shoes: overall less maximum vertical ground reaction forces, less extension moment and power absorption at the knee, less foot and ankle dorsiflexion at ground contact, less ground contact time, shorter stride length, increased stride frequency, and increased knee flexion at ground contact.Conclusion:Because of lack of high-quality evidence, no definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding specific risks or benefits to running barefoot, shod, or in minimalist shoes.

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“…Footwear. Training shoes can significantly alter adolescent runners' biomechanics (Mullen & Toby, 2013), but athletes are often confused by marketing approaches. Running shoes are often sold as a way to either increase comfort or avoid injury, yet there is no valid evidence to justify manufacturers' practice of focusing on pronation control or amount of cushioning (Richards, Magin, & Callister, 2009).…”

Section: Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coaching Youth Middle Distance Runners

Cooper¹

2016

Preprint

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This work is a supplementary text for coaches who train athletes aged between 6 and 18 years old to participate in running events between 800 and 5,000 m. It is intended to function as a review of available research in the field and as a set of guidelines on how to apply that research. Topics discussed include nutritional concerns, psychological considerations, effective training methods, and competition strategies. Special attention is given to potential differences between genders. An appendix includes selections for further reading.

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Adolescent Runners

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Comparison of Minimalist Footwear Strategies for Simulating Barefoot Running: A Randomized Crossover Study

Comparison of Minimalist Footwear Strategies for Simulating Barefoot Running: A Randomized Crossover Study

The Risks and Benefits of Running Barefoot or in Minimalist Shoes

Coaching Youth Middle Distance Runners

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