Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III—R disorders in high school students.

Lewinsohn, Peter M.; Hops, Hyman; Roberts, Robert E.; Seeley, John R.; Andrews, Judy A.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.133

Cited by 1,495 publications

(1,256 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…For example, the average duration of an episode of major depression is 6 months. 18,19 It is possible that eating disorders, particularly BED, may simply show a shorter course. Perhaps individuals will only tolerate these eating disorders for a certain duration before the subjective distress motivates them to seek treatment or discontinue these behaviors on their own.…”

Section: Long-term Stability Of Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Fichter Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of eating disorder diagnoses: A commentary

Stice

Spoor

2007

Int. J. Eat. Disord.

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Eat ing disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED), are one of the most prevalent psychiatric problems for girls and young women, result in subjective distress and functional impairment, and increase risk for future onset of obesity, depression, suicide attempts, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and health problems. 1,2 Although these eating disorders are clearly associated with functional impairment, less is known about the course of these eating disorder diagnoses over time. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss the findings of two articles on the longitudinal course of eating disorder diagnoses that appear in this special issue to discuss implications for nosology, and to offer suggestions regarding future research in this area.Long-term Stability of Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Fichter, & Norbert) This manuscript reports data on the stability of eating disorders over a 12-year period in a large treatment sample (N 5 311). Assessments were conducted at the beginning of therapy and at 2-year, 6-year, and 12-year follow-ups. The 12-year stability rate was 41.4% for AN, 34.4% for BN, 3.0% for BED, and 3.2% for other eating disorder not otherwise specified diagnoses (EDNOS). Results suggest moderate longitudinal instability of AN and BN, and pronounced longitudinal intability of BED and other EDNOS conditions. This instability was due to recovery, relapse, and diagnostic crossover. Most crossovers occurred from AN to BN and from BED to BN. Long-term outcome for BN and BED was encouraging, with both showing high recovery rates. The long-term outcome for AN was worse relative to BN and BED. Furthermore, the longitudinal course of BN and BED seemed to be nearly identical with similar percentages of remission and relapse. Relapse rates were low in this treatment sample.Before discussing the implications of these findings for nosology and future research directions, it is important to compare the findings from this study with other studies that have been previously published. Although research indicates that the overarching diagnosis of ''eating disorder'' is relatively stable, 3 several studies suggest that there is considerable longitudinal instability of the specific eating disorder diagnoses of AN, BN, and EDNOS in treatment samples, resulting from recovery, relapse, and crossover between and within the eating disorder diagnoses. 3,4-6 The recovery rates for AN and BN were moderate to high at each of the follow-up assessments in Fichter and Quadflieg study, which is similar to the rates reported by 7 who found that at 5-year follow-up, 56% of patients with AN, 74% of patients with BN, and 78% of patients with EDNOS no longer met criteria for any eating disorder diagnosis.Recovery rates of other treatment studies, however, are somewhat lower. For example, Fichter and Quadflieg reported a remission rate of 43.8% in AN and 56.8% in BN over a 2-year period; these recovery rates increased to about 60% for AN and about 70% for BN over a 6-12-year period....

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Section: Long-term Stability Of Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Fichter Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of eating disorder diagnoses: A commentary

Stice

Spoor

2007

Int. J. Eat. Disord.

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“…This overlap is observed at the level of mood, symptoms, and disorder for many of the most common psychiatric disorders among youth, including anxiety, conduct/oppositional defiant, and attention deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) (Costello et al 2003;Lewinsohn et al 1993;Newman et al 1998; see Hankin and Abela 2005;Rudolph et al 2006, for reviews). For example, a meta analysis (Angold et al 1999) of depression comorbidity with these other symptoms and disorders among community samples revealed that depression was associated with anxiety (median odds ratio=8.2), conduct/oppositional problems (median odds ratio=6.6), and ADHD (median odds ratio=5.5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Vulnerability–Stress Model of Depression During Adolescence: Investigating Depressive Symptom Specificity in a Multi-Wave Prospective Study

Hankin

2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

129

110

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Depression commonly co-occurs with anxiety and externalizing problems. Etiological factors from a central cognitive theory of depression, the Hopelessness Theory (Abramson et al. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372, 1989), were examined to evaluate whether a negative inferential style about cause, consequence, and self interacted with stressors over time to predict prospective elevations in depressive symptoms specifically compared with typically co-occurring symptoms. Negative inferential style was assessed at baseline in a sample of early and middle adolescents (N=350, sixth to tenth graders). Measures of general depressive, anhedonic depressive, anxious arousal, general internalizing, and externalizing symptoms and occurrence of stressors were assessed at four time points over a 5-month period. Results using hierarchical linear modeling show that a negative inferential style interacted with negative events to predict prospective symptoms of general and anhedonic depression specifically but not anxious arousal, general internalizing or externalizing symptoms. Negative events predicted prospective elevations of symptoms of anxious arousal, internalizing, and externalizing problems.

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“…Diagnostic Interview-The K-SADS interview was conducted with the adolescents to obtain current and lifetime diagnoses. Parents did not participate in the diagnostic assessment both because of the already lengthy nature of our assessment and because, as noted by others (Lewinsohn et al, 1993), the reliability of adolescent report increases and the agreement between parent and adolescent decreases with age. Additionally, our primary focus was on depressive symptomatology and we expected that adolescents would have more direct access to information regarding their depressive moods and behaviors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Additionally, our primary focus was on depressive symptomatology and we expected that adolescents would have more direct access to information regarding their depressive moods and behaviors. This procedure has been used successfully in past research (e.g., Lewinsohn et al, 1993;Sheeber & Sorensen, 1998).Interviewers participated in a rigorous training program and demonstrated agreement with a senior interviewer (κ ≥ .80) on at least two interviews before conducting independent interviews. Interviewers included bachelor through doctoral level research staff.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescents' relationships with their mothers and fathers: Associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology.

Sheeber¹,

Davis²,

Leve³

et al. 2007

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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259

229

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This study compared family relationships across three groups of adolescents: a) those with unipolar depressive disorders (n = 82); b) those with subdiagnostic depressive symptoms (n = 78); and c) those without emotional or behavioral difficulties (n = 83). Results based on multi-source, multimethod constructs indicated that depressed adolescents, as well as those with subdiagnostic symptomatology, experience less supportive and more conflictual relationships with each of their parents than do healthy adolescents. These findings are notable in demonstrating that adverse fatheradolescent relationships are associated with depressive symptomatology in much the same way as mother-adolescent relationships. As well, they add to the emerging evidence that adolescents with subdiagnostic symptoms experience difficulties in social relationships similar to those experienced by adolescents with depressive disorder.The role of family relationships and interactional processes as factors relevant to child and adolescent depression has received increasing attention over the last decade (Sheeber, Hops, & Davis, 2001). The research to date suggests that adverse family environments characterized by the absence of warm and supportive interactions and, conversely, by elevated levels of conflictual and critical interactions are associated with depressive symptomatology and disorder (Sheeber et al., 2001). These findings are consistent with evidence that chronic interpersonal stress is negatively associated with children's emotional well-being (Compas, Grant, & Ey, 1994;Rudolph, Hammen, Burge, Lindberg, Herzberg, & Daley, 2000). It is important to note in this regard, that although adolescents spend increasing amounts of time with peers outside of the home, available evidence suggests that the family environment retains its salience and in fact, family relations appear to be more reliably associated with adolescent depressive symptomatology than are peer relations (Barrera & Garrison-Jones, 1992;McFarlane, Bellissimo, Norman, & Lange, 1994;Stice, Ragan, & Randall, 2004).The primary objective of this study, therefore, was to extend our understanding of family processes associated with adolescent depression by conducting a rigorous examination comparing the nature of mother-adolescent and father-adolescent relationships and interactional processes across three groups of adolescents: (a) those who met diagnostic criteria for unipolar depressive disorder (Depressed); (b) those with subdiagnostic levels of Correspondence concerning this article, including reprints, should be addressed to Lisa Sheeber, Ph.D., Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, Oregon 97403. Email: lsheeber@ori.org. Lisa B. Sheeber, Betsy Davis, Craig Leve, Hyman Hops, and Elizabeth Tildesley, Oregon Research Institute. Publisher's Disclaimer:The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publish...

show abstract

Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III—R disorders in high school students.

Cited by 1,495 publications

References 62 publications

Stability of eating disorder diagnoses: A commentary

Stability of eating disorder diagnoses: A commentary

Cognitive Vulnerability–Stress Model of Depression During Adolescence: Investigating Depressive Symptom Specificity in a Multi-Wave Prospective Study

Adolescents' relationships with their mothers and fathers: Associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology.

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