“…Using data from the 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) study, McIlwaine showed that although intimate partner violence (IPV) rates were higher in rural areas than in urban ones, rates of NPV were higher in cities, and suggested that although violence is likely to occur in schools and bars wherever they are located, these spaces are more densely situated in cities and harder for women to avoid (McIlwaine, 2013; WHO, 2005a). In Kenya (KEN), girls in urban slums were more likely to have experienced violence than girls in rural areas (Austrian et al, 2015), whereas in South Africa, girls in urban environments were more likely to identify public spaces as unsafe than were their rural peers (Hallman, Kenworthy, Diers, Swan, & Devnarian, 2015). Urban spaces do not create VAW, but they can exacerbate it.…”