The links between adolescent substance abuse and adult alcohol and drug misuse and dependence are now well established. The vast majority of adult substance misusers start in their adolescent years. This, and the emotive nature of adolescent substance abuse generated an increased and justifiable interest in substance abuse in adolescent populations, that began in the early 1970s. This paper reviews the most relevant recent literature relating to the subject especially that which had a longitudinal design. It covers epidemiology, antecedents, course and outcome, psychopathology, treatment and prevention. Ideas for further longitudinal research are suggested.