Adolescent Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong: A comparison with locally born students and factors associated with their psychological well-being

Lam, A. M.; Tsoi, Kelvin K.F.; Chan, Ting Sam

doi:10.1515/ijamh.2005.17.2.157

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Two studies from South Africa have also examined discrimination in relation to adolescent risk behaviors (Brook et al 2006b; Kalichman et al 2006). Studies in Norway (Oppedal et al 2005), Denmark (Montgomery and Foldspang 2007), the Netherlands (Veling et al 2007; Stevens et al 2005a), Spain (Pantzer et al 2006), Bosnia, Croatia and Austria (Sujoldzic et al 2006), Hong Kong (Lam et al 2005) and Canada (Beiser and Hou 2006; Noh et al 2007; Etowa et al 2007) have examined the association between perceived discrimination and health for multiple immigrant groups.…”

Section: Trends In the Recent Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research

2008

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This paper provides a review and critique of empirical research on perceived discrimination and health. The patterns of racial disparities in health suggest that there are multiple ways by which racism can affect health. Perceived discrimination is one such pathway and the paper reviews the published research on discrimination and health that appeared in PubMed between 2005 and 2007. This recent research continues to document an inverse association between discrimination and health. This pattern is now evident in a wider range of contexts and for a broader array of outcomes. Advancing our understanding of the relationship between perceived discrimination and health will require more attention to situating discrimination within the context of other health-relevant aspects of racism, measuring it comprehensively and accurately, assessing its stressful dimensions, and identifying the mechanisms that link discrimination to health. KeywordsRacism; Discrimination; Stress; Health disparities; Race; Ethnicity This paper will provide an overview of the current evidence for and needed research on the role of perceived discrimination in health. It seeks to situate the research on personal experiences of discrimination within the larger literature on racism and health. It begins by describing some salient patterns in the large and persistent racial/ethnic variations in health that have provided an impetus to better understand the role of racism in health. It centrally focuses on recent research on perceived discrimination and health. It critiques the existing literature with an eye toward highlighting the needed improvements in the conceptualization and measurement of perceived discrimination that would advance our understanding of the potential role of race-related stressors in health. Disparities and the added burden of raceRacial disparities in health in the U.S. are large and pervasive. For most of the 15 leading causes of death including heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, kidney disease, hypertension, liver cirrhosis and homicide, African Americans (or blacks) have higher death rates than whites (Kung et al. 2008). These elevated death rates exist across the life-course with AfricanCorrespondence to: David R. Williams, dwilliam@hsph.harvard.edu. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Behav Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 February 14. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptAmericans and American Indians having higher age-specific mortality rates than whites from birth through the retirement years (Williams 2005). Other data indicate that almost 100,000 black persons die prematurely each year who would not die if there were no racial disparities in health (Levine et al. 2001). Another noteworthy characteristic of racial disparities is their persistence over time. Despite gains in life expectancy for both blacks and whites, the 7 year racial gap in life expectancy in 1960 was still 5.1 years in 2005 (National Center for Health Statistics (2007). Similarly, altho...

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Section: Trends In the Recent Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research

2008

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“…However, there have been few empirical studies of the prevalence of perceived discrimination and its potential effects on health in Asian countries, even though these countries have pervasive discrimination based on gender, age, education level, birth region, sexual orientation and race or ethnicity [17]–[20]. Prior studies in Asian countries have focused on the health effects of discriminatory experiences of specific stigmatized groups such as rural to urban migrants in China [21], Japanese Brazilians in Japan[19], and young Mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior studies in Asian countries have focused on the health effects of discriminatory experiences of specific stigmatized groups such as rural to urban migrants in China [21], Japanese Brazilians in Japan[19], and young Mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong [20]. However, we are unaware of any research on the health effects of perceived discrimination in a general population of an Asian country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Discrimination and Self-Rated Health in South Korea: A Nationally Representative Survey

Kim

Williams

2012

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundThere is mounting evidence that discriminatory experiences can harm health. However, previous research has mainly focused on the health effects of racial discrimination in U.S. or European countries although there is pervasive discrimination by gender, age, education and other factors in Asian countries.MethodsWe analyzed the data from the 7th wave of Korean Labor and Income Panel Study to investigate the association between perceived discriminatory experience and poor self-rated health in South Korea. Perceived discriminatory experiences were measured in eight situations through a modified Experience of Discrimination questionnaire. In each of eight situations, the lifetime prevalence of perceived discriminatory experience was compared between men and women and the main causes of those experiences were identified separately by gender. After adjusting for potential confounders, we examined the association between perceived discriminatory experience and poor self-rated health in each of eight social situations and also checked the association using the number of situations of perceived discriminatory experiences.ResultsFor both men and women, education level and age were the main sources of work-related perceived discriminatory experiences. Gender was one of the main causes among women across eight situations and more than 90% of women reported their gender as a main cause of discriminatory experience in getting higher education and at home. Discriminatory experiences in four situations were positively associated with poor self-rated health. The odds ratio for poor self-rated health for those exposed to one, two, three or four or more social situations of perceived discrimination were respectively 1.06 (95% CI : 0.87–1.29), 1.15 (95% CI : 0.96–1.55), 1.59 (95% CI : 1.19–2.14), and 1.78 (95% CI :1.26–2.51).ConclusionThere is consistent association between perceived discriminatory experience and poor self-rated health across eight social situations in South Korea.

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“…Although most studies about health effect of discriminatory experiences were conducted in US or European countries, a growing number of papers indicated that discriminatory experience is associated with high prevalence of poor health conditions in Asian countries such as Japan, Hong Kong and China [11], [12], [13]. In South Korea which has strong patriarchal tradition and pervasive educational inequality [14], [15], [16], Kim and Williams reported that gender and education level are the most common sources of self-reported discriminatory experiences and there is a dose-response relationship between the number of situation of discriminatory experiences and poor self-rated health [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Discrimination in South Korea: Underestimating the Prevalence of Discriminatory Experiences among Female and Less Educated Workers?

et al. 2012

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ObjectivesTo investigate the possibility that Koreans show different patterns in reporting discriminatory experiences based on their gender and education level, we analyzed the participants who answered “Not Applicable” for the questions of discriminatory experiences that they were eligible to answer.MethodsDiscriminatory experiences in eight social situations were assessed using the 7th wave of Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. After restricting the study population to waged workers, a logistic regression model was constructed to predict the probability that an individual has experienced discrimination based on the observed covariates for each of eight situations, using the data of participants who answered either Yes or No. With the model fit, the predicted logit score of discrimination (PLSD) was obtained for participants who answered Not Applicable (NA), as well as for those who answered Yes or No. The mean PLSD of the NA group was compared with those of the Yes group and the No group after stratification by gender and education level using an ANOVA model.ResultsOn the questions of discrimination in getting hired and receiving income, the PLSD of the NA group was significantly higher than that of the No group and was not different from that of Yes group for female and junior high or less educated workers, suggesting that their NA responses were more likely to mean that they have experienced discrimination. For male and college or more educated workers, the NA group had a PLSD similar to that for the No group and had a significantly higher PLSD than the Yes group, implying that their NA responses would mean they that they have not experienced discrimination.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the responses of NA on the discrimination questionnaire may need different interpretation based on the respondents' gender and education level in South Korea.

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Adolescent Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong: A comparison with locally born students and factors associated with their psychological well-being

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research

Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research

Perceived Discrimination and Self-Rated Health in South Korea: A Nationally Representative Survey

Measuring Discrimination in South Korea: Underestimating the Prevalence of Discriminatory Experiences among Female and Less Educated Workers?

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