Adolescent body mass index and risk of colon and rectal cancer in a cohort of 1.79 million Israeli men and women: A population‐based study

Levi, Zohar; Kark, Jeremy D.; Katz, Lior H.; Twig, Gilad; Derazne, Estela; Tzur, Dorit; Weissman, Yaara Leibovici; Leiba, Adi; Lipshiez, Irena; Boker, Lital Keinan; Afek, Arnon

doi:10.1002/cncr.30819

Cited by 54 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…Thus, we likely underestimated the actual proportions of cancers attributable to some individual risk factors and all potentially modifiable factors combined. Furthermore, some risk factors may be more important when exposure occurs in adolescence or earlier, such as excess body weight and colorectal cancer, which are likely unaccounted for by RRs from studies of mostly older adults. More research is needed on earlier life exposures that can increase the risk of cancer in adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States

Islami

Sauer

Miller

et al. 2017

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

1,141

979

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Contemporary information on the fraction of cancers that potentially could be prevented is useful for priority setting in cancer prevention and control. Herein, the authors estimate the proportion and number of invasive cancer cases and deaths, overall (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and for 26 cancer types, in adults aged 30 years and older in the United States in 2014, that were attributable to major, potentially modifiable exposures (cigarette smoking; secondhand smoke; excess body weight; alcohol intake; consumption of red and processed meat; low consumption of fruits/vegetables, dietary fiber, and dietary calcium; physical inactivity; ultraviolet radiation; and 6 cancer-associated infections). The numbers of cancer cases were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Cancer Institute; the numbers of deaths were obtained from the CDC; risk factor prevalence estimates were obtained from nationally representative surveys; and associated relative risks of cancer were obtained from published, large-scale pooled analyses or metaanalyses. In the United States in 2014, an estimated 42.0% of all incident cancers (659,640 of 1570,975 cancers, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and 45.1% of cancer deaths (265,150 of 587,521 deaths) were attributable to evaluated risk factors. Cigarette smoking accounted for the highest proportion of cancer cases (19.0%; 298,970 cases) and deaths (28.8%; 169,180 deaths), followed by excess body weight (7.8% and 6.5%, respectively) and alcohol intake (5.6% and 4.0%, respectively). Lung cancer had the highest number of cancers (184,970 cases) and deaths (132,960 deaths) attributable to evaluated risk factors, followed by colorectal cancer (76,910 cases and 28,290 deaths). These results, however, may underestimate the overall proportion of cancers attributable to modifiable factors, because the impact of all established risk factors could not be quantified, and many likely modifiable risk factors are not yet firmly established as causal. Nevertheless, these findings underscore the vast potential for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality through broad and equitable implementation of known preventive measures. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:31-54.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States

Islami

Sauer

Miller

et al. 2017

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

1,141

979

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Although BMI tracks the body weight of an individual well over time in general, a single measurement of BMI in midlife or later is not sufficient to represent the impact of adiposity in early life or of weight change during key periods in life . As described previously, emerging evidence suggests that excess body weight in early life is associated with increased risk of several cancers, including colorectal, endometrial, pancreatic, and thyroid cancers as well as multiple myeloma . Nevertheless, most studies assumed a 10‐year lag period between excess body weight and cancer occurrence, which is a likely underestimate of the latency period required for the multistage carcinogenesis process.…”

Section: Global Burden Of Cancers Attributable To Excess Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global patterns in excess body weight and the associated cancer burden

Sung¹,

Siegel

Torre

et al. 2018

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

379

292

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The prevalence of excess body weight and the associated cancer burden have been rising over the past several decades globally. Between 1975 and 2016, the prevalence of excess body weight in adults—defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2—increased from nearly 21% in men and 24% in women to approximately 40% in both sexes. Notably, the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) quadrupled in men, from 3% to 12%, and more than doubled in women, from 7% to 16%. This change, combined with population growth, resulted in a more than 6‐fold increase in the number of obese adults, from 100 to 671 million. The largest absolute increase in obesity occurred among men and boys in high‐income Western countries and among women and girls in Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. The simultaneous rise in excess body weight in almost all countries is thought to be driven largely by changes in the global food system, which promotes energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods, alongside reduced opportunities for physical activity. In 2012, excess body weight accounted for approximately 3.9% of all cancers (544,300 cases) with proportion varying from less than 1% in low‐income countries to 7% or 8% in some high‐income Western countries and in Middle Eastern and Northern African countries. The attributable burden by sex was higher for women (368,500 cases) than for men (175,800 cases). Given the pandemic proportion of excess body weight in high‐income countries and the increasing prevalence in low‐ and middle‐income countries, the global cancer burden attributable to this condition is likely to increase in the future. There is emerging consensus on opportunities for obesity control through the multisectoral coordinated implementation of core policy actions to promote an environment conducive to a healthy diet and active living. The rapid increase in both the prevalence of excess body weight and the associated cancer burden highlights the need for a rejuvenated focus on identifying, implementing, and evaluating interventions to prevent and control excess body weight.

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“…Additionally, larger body size in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma later in life (6). A recent study that investigated cancer rates in a cohort of 1.79 million Israeli men and women over a median of 23 years reported that increased BMI in adolescence was associated with increased risk of colorectal and rectal cancer (7). The mechanisms by which obesity increases cancer risk remain to be fully elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NK cells in childhood obesity are activated, metabolically stressed, and functionally deficient

et al. 2017

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Adolescent body mass index and risk of colon and rectal cancer in a cohort of 1.79 million Israeli men and women: A population‐based study

Abstract: Being overweight or obese in adolescence was associated with an increased risk of subsequent colon cancers in men and women, whereas obesity was associated with rectal cancer. Cancer 2017;123:4022-30. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Cited by 54 publications

References 44 publications

Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States

Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States

Global patterns in excess body weight and the associated cancer burden

NK cells in childhood obesity are activated, metabolically stressed, and functionally deficient

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