Adolescence, schizophrenia and drug abuse: a window of vulnerability

Nimwegen, Lonneke van; Haan, Lieuwe de; Beveren, Nico van; Brink, Wim van den; Linszen, Don

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00543.x

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Adolescence is a period with specific psychosocial challenges and changes in the brain that increase the probability of substance abuse [45]. The DSM-IV states that the onset of schizophrenia typically occurs between the late teens and the mid-30s, thus, adolescent schizophrenia has been lightly studied.…”

Section: Nicotine Use In Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse Comorbidity: Nicotine Addiction and the Neonatal Quinpirole Model

Brown¹,

Maple²,

Perna³

et al. 2012

Dev Neurosci

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This review focuses on nicotine comorbidity in schizophrenia, and the insight into this problem provided by rodent models of schizophrenia. A particular focus is on age differences in the response to nicotine, and how this relates to the development of the disease and difficulties in treatment. Schizophrenia is a particularly difficult disease to model in rodents due to the fact that it has a plethora of symptoms ranging from paranoia and delusions of grandeur to anhedonia and negative affect. The basis of these symptoms is believed to be due to neurochemical abnormalities and neuropathology in the brain, which most models have attempted to emulate. A brief review of findings regarding nicotine use and abuse in schizophrenics is presented, with findings using rodent models that have been able to provide insight into the mechanisms of addiction. A common clinical approach to the treatment of nicotine addiction in the schizophrenic population has been that these drugs are used for self-medication purposes, and it is clear that self-medication may actually be directed at several symptoms, including cognitive impairment and anhedonia. Finally, our laboratory has reported across a series of studies that neonatal treatment with the dopamine D₂/D₃ receptor agonist quinpirole results in long-term increases in dopamine-like receptor sensitivity, consistent with data reporting increases in dopamine D₂ receptor function in schizophrenia. Across these studies, we have reported several behavioral, neurochemical, and genetic consistencies with the disease, and present a hypothesis for what we believe to be the basis of psychostimulant addiction in schizophrenia.

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Section: Nicotine Use In Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse Comorbidity: Nicotine Addiction and the Neonatal Quinpirole Model

Brown¹,

Maple²,

Perna³

et al. 2012

Dev Neurosci

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“…For this population, substance use disorders are common (1–5) and are associated with multiple adverse outcomes, including treatment dropout (23), recurrent hospitalization (24,25), violence (26), homelessness (27), incarceration (28), relapse (29), and victimization (30), as well as medical problems such as HIV and hepatitis (31). The course of substance use disorders in this population tends to be chronic and relapsing (32,33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance Use Disorder Among People With First-Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review of Course and Treatment

Wisdom

Manuel²,

Drake³

2011

Psychiatric Services

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Objective People experiencing a first episode of psychosis frequently have co-occurring substance use disorders, usually involving alcohol and cannabis, which put them at risk for prolonged psychosis, psychotic relapse, and other adverse outcomes. Yet few studies of first-episode psychosis have addressed the course of substance use disorders and the re sponse to specialized substance abuse treatments. Methods The authors searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and other medical databases for English-language articles published between 1990 and 2009. Included studies addressed two research questions. First, do some clients become abstinent after a first episode of psychosis without specialized substance abuse treatments? Second, for clients who continue to use substances after a first episode of psychosis, does the addition of specialized substance abuse treatment enhance outcomes? Results Nine studies without specialized substance abuse treatment and five with specialized substance abuse treatment assessed the course of substance use (primarily cannabis and alcohol) after a first episode of psychosis. Many clients (approximately half) became abstinent or significantly reduced their alcohol and drug use after a first episode of psychosis. The few available studies of specialized substance abuse treatments did not find better rates of ab stinence or reduction. Conclusions Experience, education, treatment, or other factors led many clients to curtail their substance use disorders after a first episode of psychosis. Specialized interventions for others need to be developed and tested.

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“…Adolescents are more impulsive than adults (Adriani and Laviola, 2003), and are susceptible to inhibitory control disorders such as substance abuse (Kandel and Logan, 1984) and eating disorders (Nicholls and Viner, 2005). The onset of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depression, bipolar illness, and schizophrenia, occurs mainly during adolescence (Kovacs et al, 1984;Lewinsohn et al, 2003;van Nimwegen et al, 2005). Other syndromes with a childhood onset, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's, frequently either remit or change symptamotology during the adolescent period (Peterson, 1996;Biederman et al, 2000;Wolraich et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Maturation of Cocaine-Sensitive Neural Mechanisms

Cao

Lotfipour

Loughlin

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Both clinical and animal studies have shown that adolescents undergo a late maturation of the central nervous system, which may underlie adolescent typical behaviors. In particular, decreased behavioral response to cocaine has been found in adolescents as compared to adults. In the present study, cocaine was used as a tool to explore adolescent brain maturation. Juvenile (postnatal day (P) 27), adolescent (P37), and adult (P90) male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated acutely with cocaine (750 mg/kg/injection Â 2, i.v.), and c-fos mRNA expression, a marker of neuronal activation, was evaluated by in situ hybridization. Cocaine-induced c-fos mRNA was similar across ages in the dorsal caudate putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens, and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In contrast, there was a diminished response in juvenile/adolescent ventral CPu and in juvenile central nucleus of the amygdala, and an increased response in juvenile/adolescent cortex. Further studies evaluated the mechanism of the late maturation of cocaine response in ventral CPu. No significant age differences were observed in regional dopamine (DA) transporter binding. Although striatal DA content was significantly reduced at P27 as compared to adult, there was no difference between dorsal and ventral subregions. In contrast, basal-and cocaineinduced extracellular DA overflow, as measured by in vivo microdialysis, was lower in juvenile ventral CPu than in the adults. This age difference was not observed in dorsal CPu. These findings suggest that impulse activity in DA afferents to ventral CPu is immature in adolescents. In conclusion, the present study showed that cocaine-sensitive neuronal circuits continue to mature during adolescence.

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Adolescence, schizophrenia and drug abuse: a window of vulnerability

Cited by 37 publications

References 83 publications

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse Comorbidity: Nicotine Addiction and the Neonatal Quinpirole Model

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse Comorbidity: Nicotine Addiction and the Neonatal Quinpirole Model

Substance Use Disorder Among People With First-Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review of Course and Treatment

Adolescent Maturation of Cocaine-Sensitive Neural Mechanisms

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