ADN - The new oxidizer around the corner for an environmentally friendly smokeless propellant

Nagamachi, Marcio Yuji; Oliveira, José Irineu Sampaio de; Kawamoto, Aparecida M.; Dutra, Rita de Cássia Lazzarini

doi:10.5028/jatm.2009.0102153160

Cited by 94 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The utility of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) as a highly energetic oxidizer has several advantages in terms of performance, stability [1], and environmental friendliness as compared to conventional Ammonium Perchlorate (AP)-based propellants [2]. However, solid grain casting of raw ADN is hindered by its needle shape [3] and by its high moisture absorption tendency and lower critical humidity level (55.2% RH).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

2018

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Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in its generic form has a long needle shaped structure, which hinders higher solid loading. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize its crystal morphology into octagonal shapes. Moreover, the low critical humidity level of ADN renders it unusable in a humid climate. Hence, encapsulation with a hydrophobic polymer is necessary. In the present work, ADN was synthesized by nitration of potassium sulfamate with mixed acid nitration. The product was then mixed with toluene, graphene, citryl ammonium butyl, Cab-o-sil, and coating polymer (Polystyrene or HTPB) and treated with ultrasound to obtain semi-spherical ADN-coated particles. The method offers a reduction in operating temperature and elimination of ADN melting in the shape-altering process. In addition, the ADN product has a similar particle size and thermal stability compared to those in a conventional ADN melt-prilling method. The ADN product investigated under SEM confirms the particle morphological change from long needles into semi-spherical shapes. The particle size obtained, in the micrometer range, is ideal for higher theoretical maximum density. Furthermore, the ultrasound-treated ADN particles show significant reduction in moisture absorption, from 68% to 16% at 65% relative humidity. The DSC result shows no degradation of thermal stability of the coated particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

2018

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“…The partial pressure of water vapor in the chamber is calculated using Eqs. (13)- (15). The gas constant in Eq.…”

Section: O Required Chamber Dwell-timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…When dissolved in water these materials exhibit very strong ion-to-ion interactions. Two the most promising ionic liquid propellant options are based on the ammonium salts Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) 14,15 and Hydroxylammonium Nitrate (HAN). 16,17 ADN melts at approximately 90-93 C, and HAN melts at approximately 44-45 C.…”

Section: Hydrazine Replacement Monopropellant Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Testing of a Green Monopropellant Ignition System

Whitmore

Merkley²,

Eilers³

et al. 2013

49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference

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Green" propellants based on Ionic-liquids (ILs) like Ammonium DiNitramide and Hydroxyl Ammonium Nitrate have recently been developed as reduced-hazard replacements for hydrazine. Compared to hydrazine, ILs offer up to a 50% improvement in available density-specific impulse. These materials present minimal vapor hazard at room temperature, and this property makes IL's potentially advantageous for "ride-share" launch opportunities where hazards introduced by hydrazine servicing are cost-prohibitive. Even though ILs present a reduced hazard compared to hydrazine, in crystalline form they are potentially explosive and are mixed in aqueous solutions to buffer against explosion. Unfortunately, the high water content makes IL-propellants difficult to ignite and currently a reliable "cold-start" capability does not exist. For reliable ignition, IL-propellants catalyst beds must be pre-heated to greater than 350 C before firing. The required preheat power source is substantial and presents a significant disadvantage for SmallSats where power budgets are extremely limited. Design and development of a "micro-hybrid" ignitor designed to act as a "drop-in" replacement for existing IL catalyst beds is presented. The design requires significantly lower input energy and offers a smaller overall form factor. Unlike single-use "squib" pyrotechnic ignitors, the system allows the gas generation cycle to be terminated and reinitiated on demand. Nomenclature= ignitor nozzle exit area, cm 2 A surf = droplet surface area, cm 2 a = Van der Waal parameter, kPa-m 6 /kg-mol 2 B flux = HAN decomposition mass flux, g/s-cm 2 b = Van der Waal parameter, m 3 /kg-mol = ignitor discharge coefficient C p ign = ignitor exhaust products specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg-K = HAN-solution injector discharge area, cm 2 C pc = mean specific heat of gaseous products in chamber, J/kg-K C p HAN = specific heat of pure HAN, J/kg-K C p H2O = specific heat of pure water, J/kg-K = HAN-solution specific heat, J/kg-K D droplet = atomized HAN-solution droplet size, mm f = HAN mass fraction in solution 2 H c = total enthalpy of gaseous products in chamber, J = chamber enthalpy rate, W = enthalpy rate of injected HAN-solution, W = total output enthalpy rate of ignitor, W h ign = specific output enthalpy of ignitor, J/kg L chamber = HAN decomposition length, cm L vap H2O = latent heat of vaporization of water, J/g M HAN = moles of HAN in solution or collected in chamber M H2O = moles of water in solution or collectrd in chamber M ign = moles of ignotor exhaust products collected in chamber M w = generic m,olecular weight term, kg/kg-ml M W HAN = molecular weight of pure HAN, 96.04 kg/kg-mol M W H2O = molecular weight of pure water, 18.02 kg/kg-mol M W HAN/H2O = molecular weight of HAN-solution m c = total fluid mass collected in chamber, g m HAN = total HAN mass collected in chamber, g m ign = total ignitor product mass collected in chamber, g m H2O = total water mass collected in chamber or mass of water in atomozed solution droplet, g = vaporization mass flo...

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“…[4] High energetic compounds which have polynitro groups are one of the important classes of useful energetic materials. [7] One recent focus in energetic materials research is the synthesis of fused cyclic nitrogen-containing heterocycles. [5] The presence of nitro groups tends to decrease the heat of formation, but contributes markedly to the overall energetic performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%