Admixture of ephedrine to offset side effects of propofol: a randomized, controlled trial

Propofol Compared to Etomidate Inductions and Attenuating Propofol Induced Hypotension

“…The control group had a hypotension incidence of 67.5%, while the ephedrine group that received 0.2 mg/kg showed 22.5% hypotension. Similar attenuation or complete prevention of hypotension were reported in eight other studies using ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg or 10-20 mg boluses [8][9][10]12,15,16]. El Tahan [6] also found that ephedrine improves ventricular contractility without causing relevant changes of left ventricular afterload.…”

“…Dosing of ephedrine varied from single bolus dosing to weight based dosing ranging from 10-15 mg to 0.07-0.2 mg/kg [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Most trials had a timeframe for recording vitals ranging from 4-6 minutes with all trials showing similar results in this time frame.…”

Pain Perception following Administration of Propofol with 7.5 mg Ephedrine, 15 mg Ephedrine, or Lignocaine— A Comparative Study

“…They also observed that ephedrine 30 mg with propofol had the least amount of hemodynamic changes. 16 Cheong et al 4 observed the HR increasing from baseline value of around 78/minute to 75/minute postinduction in the lignocaine group and baseline of 76/minute to 78/minute postinduction in the ephedrine 30 µg/kg group. Postintubation, the HR shot up to around 85 in both the groups.…”

“…Gamlin et al 14 concluded that ephedrine added at 0.5 mg/mL of propofol was not as effective in overcoming hypotension as 0.75 or 1.0 mg/mL were. Austin and Parke 16 found that ephedrine 1.5 mg/mL of propofol gave the most stable hemodynamic profile, and none of the patients required hemodynamic rescue. In the lignocaine group, 6 out of 50 patients required hypotension rescue.…”

“…Incidence of pain was 34% with lignocaine and 42% with ephedrine 15 mg, which was comparable with the results of Austin and Parke. 16 They found an incidence of pain of 31.4%…”