2014
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.059
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Administration strategies for proteins and peptides

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Cited by 90 publications
(70 citation statements)
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References 189 publications
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“…Despite this, only a small fraction of currently licensed vaccines are oral formulations due to the inherent obstacles presented by the gastrointestinal system. The induction of a robust protective immune response by oral immunization requires: (i) successful delivery of the intact and active antigen to the intestine, (ii) transport across the mucosal barrier, and (iii) subsequent activation of antigen-presenting cells [14,23,25]. However, the GI tract poses difficulties to each step, including degradation of fragile antigens through the harsh environment in the stomach and requirement of adequate doses to generate immunity instead of tolerance [21,26].…”
Section: Oral Administrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite this, only a small fraction of currently licensed vaccines are oral formulations due to the inherent obstacles presented by the gastrointestinal system. The induction of a robust protective immune response by oral immunization requires: (i) successful delivery of the intact and active antigen to the intestine, (ii) transport across the mucosal barrier, and (iii) subsequent activation of antigen-presenting cells [14,23,25]. However, the GI tract poses difficulties to each step, including degradation of fragile antigens through the harsh environment in the stomach and requirement of adequate doses to generate immunity instead of tolerance [21,26].…”
Section: Oral Administrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although insulin can be administered through both injection and non-injection routes, the latter generally suffer from low bioavailability. 7,8 However, daily administration of insulin by injection is uncomfortable for patients and can even be dangerous: the injection of excess insulin can result in serious shock responses such as hypoglycemia, syncope, or even death. 9,10 To ameliorate these issues, much effort has been invested in the development of smart drug delivery systems that are able to release insulin in response to changes in the blood glucose level.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[453] This trend is supported by the development of enhanced drug-delivery systems. [454] Given the limitations of unmodified peptides, this is a remarkable trend that indicates the potential of peptidomimetics to reduce peptide-associated drawbacks. In this respect, a more detailed understanding of the advantages and limitations of certain mimicry approaches is crucial for their efficient application.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%