“…It was recently demonstrated in our laboratory that repeated administrations of CpG D19 could effectively activate mucosal innate immune responses by recruitment of dentritic cells (DCs) and macrophage cells [22]. Recognizing CXC and CC chemokines, Th1 type cytokines, as well as HDPs in protective innate immune responses, and where after development of antigen-specific antibodies was important against bacterial infection, therefore, in the current study, we investigated the IM, IN and OR administrations of Aclass CpG D19 alone on induction of CXC and CC chemokines, Th1 type cytokines, HDPs (cathelicidins: PR-39 and protegrin-1; β-defensin: pBD1 and pBD2) and F4-specific antibody responses in the intestinal mucosa and examined the impact of D19 treatment on control of diarrhea in weaning piglets.…”