Adjuvants in Allergy: State of the Art

Abstract

Opinion statementAllergen-specific immunotherapy is administered through subcutaneous or sublingual routes to induce immunological tolerance to allergens. It is the only management option available for treating IgE-mediated allergy to seasonal and perennial allergens by disease modification, resulting in long-term remission. In the last few decades, research into the long-term efficacy and safety profiles of vaccines has led to the increased use of adjuvants in allergen immunotherapy. Through activation of innate immune pathways, adjuvants have been shown to improve the efficacy and safety profiles of allergen vaccines. This paper provides an overview of adjuvants, both in clinical and preclinical settings, currently in use for allergen immunotherapy.

Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand?

“…Besides alum and liposome-based AS01, two oil-in-water (O/ W) emulsion adjuvants AS03 (containing squalene, alphatocopherol, and polysorbate 80) and MF59 (consisting of squalene and the non-toxic emulsifiers Tween 20 and Span 85), have also been licensed for clinical use, especially for various influenza vaccines (83). Mechanistically, O/W emulsions have the advantage of gradually releasing the combined antigen at the injection site, which reduces the chance of anaphylactic reactions while at the same time stimulating the activation of plasma cells producing antigen-specific antibodies and generating mixed Th1/ Th2 responses (84,85). Moreover, MF59 was also shown to induce DC recruitment and increase their antigen uptake activity in vivo (86).…”

Development of subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (part 2): preventive aspects and innovations

“…Methylated deoxycytidine-deoxyguanosine (CpG-) oligonucleotides have been found in intracellular vesicles in phagocytes [66]. They stimulate the innate immune system towards a Th1 immune response, which is also a beneficial approach in SCIT [66]. In principle, CpG-oligonucleotides can be used not only for SCIT, but also for sublingual, nasal, and intradermal administration [67].…”

Pro-inflammatory effects of airborne particulate matters in relation to biological and chemical composition

“…除了特定的过敏原, 还需要共刺激信 号, 即炎症信号, 两者相结合起到"双保险"的作用, 才可引起过敏反应 [92] . 在疫苗学中, 氢氧化铝等组 分多作为佐剂加入到疫苗中, 通过加强炎症信号增 强 疫 苗 的 免 疫 保 护 作 用 [93] . 从 1986 年 Muranaka 等 人 [94] 的第1篇文章开始, 大量动物实验揭示了DEP的 学组分与内毒素之间的协同炎症效应 [112] .…”