Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines

Burakova, Yulia; Madera, Rachel; McVey, Scott; Schlup, John R.; Shi, Jishu

doi:10.1089/vim.2017.0049

Cited by 84 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Al salts are effective adjuvants that promote a robust immune response against vaccine antigens and are considered safe. 1,26 Some studies indicate these compounds activate the inflammasome pathway, induce a Th2 immune response, and promote specific humoral immunity. 1,9 In veterinary medicine, granulomas associated with Al adjuvants are considered an acceptable side effect, 37 although the use of Al as adjuvant can be related to a broad spectrum of local reactions at the injection site, including chronic severe inflammation leading to sarcomas in cats.…”

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confidence: 99%

Granulomas Following Subcutaneous Injection With Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Products in Sheep

et al. 2018

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The use of vaccines including aluminum (Al)-based adjuvants is widespread among small ruminants and other animals. They are associated with the appearance of transient injection site nodules corresponding to granulomas. This study aims to characterize the morphology of these granulomas, to understand the role of the Al adjuvant in their genesis, and to establish the presence of the metal in regional lymph nodes. A total of 84 male neutered lambs were selected and divided into 3 treatment groups of 28 animals each: (1) vaccine (containing Al-based adjuvant), (2) adjuvant-only, and (3) control. A total of 19 subcutaneous injections were performed in a time frame of 15 months. Granulomas and regional lymph nodes were evaluated by clinicopathological means. All of the vaccine and 92.3% of the adjuvant-only lambs presented injectionsite granulomas; the granulomas were more numerous in the group administered the vaccine. Bacterial culture in granulomas was always negative. Histologically, granulomas in the vaccine group presented a higher degree of severity. Al was specifically identified by lumogallion staining in granulomas and lymph nodes. Al median content was significantly higher (P < .001) in the lymph nodes of the vaccine group (82.65 mg/g) compared with both adjuvant-only (2.53 mg/g) and control groups (0.96 mg/g). Scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrated aggregates of Al within macrophages in vaccine and adjuvant-only groups. In these two groups, Al-based adjuvants induce persistent, sterile, subcutaneous granulomas with macrophage-driven translocation of Al to regional lymph nodes. Local translocation of Al may induce further accumulation in distant tissues and be related to the appearance of systemic signs.

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Granulomas Following Subcutaneous Injection With Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Products in Sheep

et al. 2018

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“…The vaccine was proven effective in inducing long-term immunity [15]. A previous study reported that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activate Th1 cells by secreting interleukin as a TLR4 agonist, and Flagellin (TLR5 agonist) induces a strong antibody titer against the FMD virus [16]. After nationwide vaccination against FMD in Korea in 2011, many pig producers complained that the economic damage to the farmers was significant because of granuloma lesions, including inflammatory reactions, in pigs inoculated with the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved immune responses and safety of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing immunostimulating components in pigs

Choi

You

et al. 2020

J Vet Sci

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Background: The quality of a vaccine depends strongly on the effects of the adjuvants applied simultaneously with the antigen in the vaccine. The adjuvants enhance the protective effect of the vaccine against a viral challenge. Conversely, oil-type adjuvants leave oil residue inside the bodies of the injected animals that can produce a local reaction in the muscle. The longterm immunogenicity of mice after vaccination was examined. ISA206 or ISA15 oil adjuvants maintained the best immunity, protective capability, and safety among the oil adjuvants in the experimental group. Objectives: This study screened the adjuvant composites aimed at enhancing foot-andmouth disease (FMD) immunity. The C-type lectin or toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist showed the most improved protection rate. Methods: Experimental vaccines were fabricated by mixing various known oil adjuvants and composites that can act as immunogenic adjuvants (gel, saponin, and other components) and examined the enhancement effect on the vaccine. Results: The water in oil (W/O) and water in oil in water (W/O/W) adjuvants showed better immune effects than the oil in water (O/W) adjuvants, which have a small volume of oil component. The W/O type left the largest amount of oil residue, followed by W/O/W and O/W types. In the mouse model, intramuscular inoculation showed a better protection rate than subcutaneous inoculation. Moreover, the protective effect was particularly weak in the case of inoculation in fatty tissue. The initial immune reaction and persistence of long-term immunity were also confirmed in an immune reaction on pigs. Conclusions: The new experimental vaccine with immunostimulants produces improved immune responses and safety in pigs than general oil-adjuvanted vaccines.

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“…However, previous testing with baculovirus-dependent systems have shown that protection against IAV H5 HA induced a neutralizing antibody response in only 23% of individuals with a single dose of 90 µg and a maximum of 52% after two doses of 90 µg [2]; results that do not comply with guidelines for vaccines in case of pandemics or epidemics due to the high cost of production, high dosage required, and deficient capability to immunize the subject. At the same time, several adjuvants are in development, so reformulation of recombinant hemagglutinin-dependent vaccines with the inclusion of one of these adjuvants could increase their immunogenic capabilities and surpass the need for large doses [32,33]. Other reports evaluated the immunogenicity of partial rHA1 sequences produced in bacteria against immunogenicity of complete rHA produced in insect cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Recombinant HA1 subunit from H5N1 Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin in Escherichia coli

López-Tavera¹,

Martinez

Moreno-Martínez³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Influenza A/H5N1 represents a potential risk of a worldwide pandemic event, and as we have witnessed in past influenza outbreaks, the current production chains for vaccination cannot supply the demand for emergencies such as these. Limiting factors include the need for eggs and active virus handling as well as turnaround time and cost. Most of the influenza AH5N1 cases are contained in poultry; however, risk of zoonosis and spread of the virus in humans grows by the day, thus, a mass-produced fast-responding preventive vaccine is required. In this article, we describe the production of a recombinant HA1 subunit of influenza AH5N1 hemagglutinin as a potential key ingredient of a new avian vaccine, using a prokaryotic biotechnological platform. This system is potentially faster, cheaper, and more efficient than current means of vaccine production.

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Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines

Cited by 84 publications

References 131 publications

Granulomas Following Subcutaneous Injection With Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Products in Sheep

Granulomas Following Subcutaneous Injection With Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Products in Sheep

Improved immune responses and safety of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing immunostimulating components in pigs

Production of Recombinant HA1 subunit from H5N1 Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin in Escherichia coli

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