Adjuvants—a classification and review of their modes of action

Cox, John C.; Coulter, A.R.

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00183-1

Cited by 575 publications

(389 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Noticed as early as in 1960s by Gall [23], the importance of the surface of vaccine adjuvants was illustrated by the adjuvancy of many surface active materials including lipids, non-ionic block polymers, water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions, and commonly used emulsifiers, such as Span 85, lanolin, methylcellulose and alginate [24][25][26]. Binding of antigens to, or concentration of antigens and immune-activating opsonins on, a surface appears to be crucial for enhancing immune response to the immunogens by adjuvants [24].…”

Section: C-tt2-ctp35 Antigen Conjugated To Plga Microsphere Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Injectable polymer microspheres enhance immunogenicity of a contraceptive peptide vaccine

Cui

Stevens

Schwendeman

2007

Vaccine

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Advanced contraceptive peptide vaccines suffer from the unavailability of adjuvants capable of enhancing the antibody response with acceptable safety. We sought to overcome this limitation by employing two novel poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere formulations to deliver a synthetic human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) peptide antigen co-synthesized with a T-cell epitope from tetanus toxoid, C-TT2-CTP35: surface-conjugated immunogen to induce phagocytosis; and encapsulated peptide to provide a depot effect, with MgCO 3 co-encapsulated in the polymer to neutralize acidity from the biodegrading PLGA polyester. A single immunization of encapsulated peptide in rabbits elicited a stronger antibody response with equivalent duration relative to a positive control -three injections of the peptide administered in a squalene-based water-in-oil emulsion. Surface-conjugated peptide was less effective but enhanced antibody levels at 1/5 the dose, relative to soluble antigen. Most remarkable and unexpected was the finding that co-encapsulation of base was essential to attain the powerful adjuvant effect of the PLGAMgCO 3 system, as the MgCO 3 -free microspheres were completely ineffective. A promising contraceptive hCG peptide vaccine with acceptable side effects (i.e., local tissue reactions) was achieved by minimizing PLGA and MgCO 3 doses, without significantly affecting antibody response.

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Section: C-tt2-ctp35 Antigen Conjugated To Plga Microsphere Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Injectable polymer microspheres enhance immunogenicity of a contraceptive peptide vaccine

Cui

Stevens

Schwendeman

2007

Vaccine

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“…It can be hypothesized that this may be an indirect effect from the differences on the haplotypes of these mice lineages on the production of certain isotypes (COX & COULTER, 1997). Detection of IgE would be useful to analyze the Th2 deviation of immune response; however, no significant differences were observed for IgE secretion in Balb/C and C57BL/ 6 mice (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This was well demonstrated in humans and cattle vaccinated using formalin-inactivated vaccines (WEST et al, 1999;KALINA et al, 2004). The efficacy of any virusinactivated vaccine relies on the use of appropriate virus inactivation methods and use of adequate adjuvant (COX & COULTER, 1997). The choice of the adjuvant have to follow well defined parameters: I) induction of specific antibodies; II) stimulation of cellular immune responses, which are often lower using inactivated vaccines, III) appropriate immunomodulation (Th1/Th2 balance), avoiding side effects and exacerbation of the disease on post-vaccination challenged animals; iv) tolerability of the hosts to the components of the adjuvant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Antibody responses in mice after immunization with inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus using different adjuvants

Spilki¹,

Almeida²,

Arns³

2010

Cienc. Rural

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Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes pneumonia in young cattle. Modified-live-virus (MLV) and inactivated vaccines are currently used for the control of clinical effects of BRSV infections in cattle.On the present research, the stimulation of specific anti-BRSV immunoglobulin isotypes was investigated, through the use of different commercially available adjuvants (Water-in-oil emulsion, Quil A, Aluminumhydroxide) in inbred mice (Balb/C and C57BL/6) RESUMO O vírus respiratório sincicial bovino (BRSV) causa pneumonia em bovinos jovens. Vacinas de vírus vivo modificado (MLV) e vacinas inativadas são atualmente utilizadas para o controle dos efeitos clínicos de infecções pelo BRSV em bovinos. No presente trabalho, investigou-se a estimulação dos isotipos de imunoglobulinas específicas anti-BRSV, através da utilização de diferentes adjuvantes disponíveis comercialmente (água em óleo de emulsão, Quil A, hidróxido de alumínio) em camundongos isogênicos (Balb/C e C57BL/6). Anticorpos contra o BRSV foram medidos usando-se um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), e os resultados foram comparados com os níveis de anticorpos induzidos pela imunização de

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“…They added also that the toxicity of adjuvants has been reduced systematically through research and development efforts over the last 80 years. In the United States, alum compounds are the most extensively used adjuvants in licensed vaccines for humans, although they effectively enhance immune responses, there are several disadvantages associated with their use [4]. The disadvantages of alum-based adjuvants include the severity of local tissue irritation, the longer duration of the inflammatory reaction at the injection site, minimal induction of cell-mediated immunity and a propensity to elicit undesirable immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Effects of Aluminum Phosphate and Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as Adjuvants in Vaccinated Mice

Issa¹,

Salim²,

Zidan³

et al. 2014

IJCEA

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Abstract-The present study aim at studying the histological effects of both aluminum phosphate (Alum) and calcium phosphate (CAP) nanoparticles adjuvant in parallel with their potentials as adjuvant and the related immune response to tetanus toxoid vaccine adsorbed on both of them. Ninety Swiss albino mice were used in the experiment (50% adults and 50% juveniles). Mice were immunized intramuscularly with 0.125 ml adjuvanted tetanus toxoid vaccine. For alum adjuvant study, 27 adult mice and 27 juvenile ones were injected with alum adjuvanted vaccine and sacrificed weekly as triplects for 9 weeks. For calcium phosphate adjuvant study, 15 adult mice and 15 juvenile ones were injected with calcium phosphate adjuvanted vaccine and sacrificed weekly as triplects for 5 weeks. The effect of alum and calcium phosphate nanoparticles adjuvants in enhancing the immune response of tetanus toxoid vaccine were monitored through measurement of antibody titer in sera of mice. The pathological effect of both adjuvants were monitored through histological study of liver, brain, kidney and injected muscle of sacrificed animals. Recorded data revealed that both adjuvanted vaccine caused histopathological changes in tissues of liver, kidney, brain and injected muscle. On the other hand alum adjuvanted tetanus toxoid vaccine was more potent and showed higher antibody level than CAP adjuvanted vaccines.

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Adjuvants—a classification and review of their modes of action

Cited by 575 publications

References 88 publications

Injectable polymer microspheres enhance immunogenicity of a contraceptive peptide vaccine

Injectable polymer microspheres enhance immunogenicity of a contraceptive peptide vaccine

Antibody responses in mice after immunization with inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus using different adjuvants

Evaluation of the Effects of Aluminum Phosphate and Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles as Adjuvants in Vaccinated Mice

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