2022
DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00472-2
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Adjuvanting a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with clinically relevant adjuvants induces durable protection in mice

Abstract: Adjuvants enhance the magnitude and the durability of the immune response to vaccines. However, there is a paucity of comparative studies on the nature of the immune responses stimulated by leading adjuvant candidates. In this study, we compared five clinically relevant adjuvants in mice—alum, AS03 (a squalene-based adjuvant supplemented with α-tocopherol), AS37 (a TLR7 ligand emulsified in alum), CpG1018 (a TLR9 ligand emulsified in alum), O/W 1849101 (a squalene-based adjuvant)—for their capacity to stimulat… Show more

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Cited by 39 publications
(61 citation statements)
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“…[48] Future studies will uncover whether the balanced Th1/Th2 responses in the PNP hydrogels, regardless of the nature of the adjuvant, have any impact on cellular immunity. Such studies could reveal a contrast to the previously reported, predominately Th1-skewed CD4 T cell response found in mice immunized with soluble vaccines comprising RBD NP and CpG/Alum [9] or the Th2skewed response we have observed with mice immunized with Soluble 3M052/Alum. Crucially, several previous studies have found little to no binding and neutralizing titers against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants after initial prime-boost immunization series with RBD NP soluble vaccines.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 77%
“…[48] Future studies will uncover whether the balanced Th1/Th2 responses in the PNP hydrogels, regardless of the nature of the adjuvant, have any impact on cellular immunity. Such studies could reveal a contrast to the previously reported, predominately Th1-skewed CD4 T cell response found in mice immunized with soluble vaccines comprising RBD NP and CpG/Alum [9] or the Th2skewed response we have observed with mice immunized with Soluble 3M052/Alum. Crucially, several previous studies have found little to no binding and neutralizing titers against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants after initial prime-boost immunization series with RBD NP soluble vaccines.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 77%
“…Further, we observed improved potency in naïve animals by formulating IVX-411 with MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion. Such results have been externally replicated for I53-50-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in naïve human patients [38,[41][42][43]. Our results are immunogenically similar to those observed from other RBD-based, single-component, SARS-…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 82%
“…Further, we observed improved potency in naïve animals by formulating IVX-411 with MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion. Such results have been externally replicated for I53-50-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in naïve human patients [38,[41][42][43]. Our results are immunogenically similar to those observed from other RBD-based, single-component, SARS-CoV-2 VLP vaccines, which use nanoparticles such as ferritin [44,45], hepatitis B surface antigen [46], or mi3 (a variant of the I3-01 VLP) [47][48][49][50], as well as biochemical conjugation methods such as SpyCatcher and sortase [45,47].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Future studies are merited to evaluate the use of this VLP-RBD candidate or other multimeric versions as a 1st or 2nd booster to an mRNA vaccination. We acknowledge that further optimization of a vaccine candidate based on the engineered immunogens tested here could benefit from the inclusion of one or more adjuvants, including CpG, SMNP, or other strategies for enhancing immunogenicity [11] , [29] , [67] .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%